chp 1: principle of animal behavior

Question 1

behavior

Answer 1

any observable activity that an animal performs or the way an animal acts in response to stimulation

Question 2

what is the term animal behavior used to do

Answer 2

to collectively designate how an animal responds to its environment

Question 3

environment includes

Answer 3

plants and other animals as well as such nonliving constituents as light and sound

Question 4

behavioral traits are an important part of an animal’s

Answer 4

phenotype

Question 5

what is phenotype

Answer 5

observable activity

Question 6

ethology

Answer 6

the study of animal behavior in its natural habitat

Question 7

natural ethologians

Answer 7

document behavior as part of the general biology of organisms

Question 8

early 1900s

Answer 8

formal discipline of animal science behavior evolved

Question 9

k. lorenz

Answer 9

studied WATERFOWL and other organisms’ mechanisms of IMPRINTING

Question 10

N. tinbergen

Answer 10

studied gulls and other organisms for work on the organization and causes of social and individual patterns of behavior in animals

Question 11

k. von frisch

Answer 11

studied communication in bees’ WAGGLE DANCE

Question 12

behavioral ecology

Answer 12

studies how behavior develops, evolves, and contributes to survival and reproductive success

Question 13

ethology

Answer 13

the study of the behavior of animals in their natural habitat, usually proposing evolutionary explanations

Question 14

why do we study animal behavior

Answer 14

1) commonality
2) understanding common underlying principles (survival)
3) co-habitation (that leads to territory invasion)
4) protecting and managing animals (both domesticated + wild)

Question 15

PROXIMATE questions (how or what)

Answer 15

1) mechanism (what sort of neurobiological changes occur in response to a stimuli)
2) development (how does behavior change with development)

Question 16

ULTIMATE questions (evolutionary significance/ why)

Answer 16

1) survival value (how behavior effects survival + reproduction
2) evolutionary history (how behavior varies as a result of evolution)

Question 17

3 PILLARS OF ETHOLOGY

Answer 17

1) NATURAL SELECTION
2) INDIVIDUAL LEARNING
3) CULTURAL TRANSMISSION

Question 18

natural selection is best described as a process through which the frequency of

Answer 18

traits that confer reproductive and/or survival success and that are heritable increase over generations

Question 19

for natural selection to occur

Answer 19

1) genes must be heritable
2) individual variation
3) unequal reproductive success (INESCAPABLE CONCLUSION)
4) over-reproduction

Question 20

the product of natural selection is

Answer 20

ADAPTATION

Question 21

natural selection is a ___ of evolution

Answer 21

MECHANISM

Question 22

natural selection operates on

Answer 22

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

Question 23

Marlene Zuk’s work on field crickets of the Hawaiian Islands has shed much light on how natural selection can operate in the wild over short periods of time. Which of the following phrases best describes Zuk’s primary findings?

Answer 23

parasitic flies exerted strong selection on wing morphology of the field crickets, rendering them incapable of producing songs

Question 24

Xenophobia is defines as the

Answer 24

fear of unknown individuals from outsides one’s group

Question 25

mesic habitat

Answer 25

type of habitat with a MODERATE OR WELL-BALANCED SUPPLY OF RESOURCES

Question 26

arid habitat

Answer 26

type of habitat with a SEVERE LACK OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES

Question 27

LEARNING

Answer 27

the modification of behavior based on specific/prior experiences

Question 28

INNATE BEHAVIOR

Answer 28

automatic, fixed, "built-in"

Question 29

LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Answer 29

modified by experience and triggered by a stimulus

Question 30

what is the difference between learning and natural selection

Answer 30

LEARNING IS ACCOMPANY WITH PRIOR EXPERIENCE AND HAPPENS WITHINNNN A GENERATION, WHILE NATURAL SELECT IS CHANGING WITHIN THE COURSE OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S LIFETIMEEE

Question 31

can learning and natural selection operate independently

Answer 31

NO

Question 32

INDIVIDUAL LEARNING

Answer 32

personal experience - INFO IS LOST WHEN ANIMAL DIES

Question 33

CULTURAL TRANSMISSION

Answer 33

the transfer of information by teaching, coping or social learning - OBSERVER + DEMONSTRATOR

Question 34

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CULTURAL TRANSMISSION AND INDIVIDUAL LEARNING

Answer 34

individual learning does not permit the transmission of information across generations, while cultural transmission does

Question 35

GROUP LEARNING

Answer 35

social learning/ transmission of information

Question 36

ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING (REWARD OR PUNISHMENT)

Answer 36

learning relating stimulus to another stimulus or to a behavioral response

Question 37

types of associative learning

Answer 37

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (reward or punishment linked to arbitrary stimulus) B.F. SKINNER

Question 38

natural associations are made through

Answer 38

TRIAL-AND-ERROR LEARNING

Question 39

THE BENEFIT OF LEARNING

Answer 39

1) quicker growth 2) more eggs laying 3) bigger egg size

Question 40

HABITUATION

Answer 40

animal learns not to respond to an unimportant stimulus - prevents animals from wasting energy (adaptive)

Question 41

TEACHING

Answer 41

one INSTRUCTOR and at least one PUPIL

Question 42

ETHOLOGICAL APPROACHES (observation in natural environment) TO STUDY ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

Answer 42

CONCEPTUAL (combination of ideas from different disciplines) THEORETICAL EMPERICAL