chp 10: cooperation

Question 1

cooperation

Answer 1

an outcome from which two or more interacting individuals each receives a net benefit from their joint action despite potential costs

Question 2

two usages of “to cooperate”

Answer 2

idea of achieving cooperation in a group setting
behavior of a member that brings about achievement

Question 3

benefits of cooperation

Answer 3

1) access to food and water
2) protection-reduce aggression from other individuals stronger than you
3) tension reduction
4) coalition formation
5) acceptance (TEAM PLAYER)
6) mating

Question 4

example of cooperation in animals

Answer 4

bats = help birthing process by feeding mother, get her into position, and keep her and the offspring warm

Question 5

male-male alliances

Answer 5

multi-stallion harems = lower-ranking males form alliances normally between unrelated males close in age

Question 6

allogrooming

Answer 6

where one individual grooms another

Question 7

mutual grooming

Answer 7

horses = most common form is nibbling, while licking is uncommon

Question 8

symbiotic relationship with birds

Answer 8

horses and other large mammals + birds = birds eat ectoparasites or ticks off the horse and the horse protects the bird

Question 9

4 paths to cooperation

Answer 9

1) reciprocity (exchange of favors)
2) byproduct of mutualism (a relationship between two organisms that benefits both and harms neither)
3) kin selection
4) group selection

Question 10

reciprocal altruism

Answer 10

altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals (can be adaptive if the aided individual reciprocates the favor)

Question 11

mathematical tool employed to model these paths

Answer 11

game theory

Question 12

game theory

Answer 12

mathematical tool that is used when an individual receives payoff for undertaking an action

Question 13

tool used in cooperation via reciprocity

Answer 13

prisoner’s dilemma (tit for tat)

Question 14

prisoner’s dilemma game

Answer 14

each player can either cooperate or defect (used to get testimony from suspects)

Question 15

what can make you defect or cooperate depends on

Answer 15

reward or punishment

Question 16

what is more costly mutual defection or mutual cooperation

Answer 16

mutual defection

Question 17

variables in the game (matrix)

Answer 17

T = temptation to cheat
R = reward for mutual cooperation
P = punishment for mutual defection
S = suckers (punishment for not defection

must = T>R>P>S

Question 18

what is the dilemma in the game

Answer 18

success of unknown out come

Question 19

evolution stable strategy

Answer 19

strategy or behavior that if used by almost everyone in a population will not decrease in frequency when new strategy arises

Question 20

ESS people

Answer 20

axelrod and hamilton = if the probability of meeting a given partner in future was above some critical level, a conditionally cooperative strategy called TIT for TAT will be the best solution

Question 21

TIT for TAT

Answer 21

a rule that instructs a player to cooperate on the initial encounter with a partner and to subsequently copy its partner’s previous move

Question 22

3 fundamental characteristics

Answer 22

1) nice = never cheats or defect first
2) retaliatory =it always responds to a partner that is cheating by cheating
3) forgiving = it only remembers one move back in time and so is capable of forgiving

Question 23

who uses TFT

Answer 23

gruppies when they inspect predator =
T>R>P>S
T = payoff for cheating against cooperation (no punishment)
R = payoff to mutual cooperator (least punishment)
P = payoff to mutual cheaters (medium punishment)
S = payoff to a cooperator matched with a defector (highest punishment)

Question 24

if both gruppies inspect side by side the probability of both fish being eaten or not being eaten is

Answer 24

equal

Question 25

if one inspector is in front and the other is behind the probability of the trailing fish being eaten is

Answer 25

low and would receive a payoff of T

Question 26

T > R because

Answer 26

the benefit is the farther the fish to the predator the more they will feed because they will be less anxious

Question 27

R > P because

Answer 27

payoff for inspecting in a group is more (less danger) than when no one inspects (greater danger)

Question 28

P > S because

Answer 28

while it is dangerous for no one to inspect (P), it is more dangerous to be inspecting alone. single fish suffer high rate of predation

Question 29

another example of TFT

Answer 29

vampire bats sharing food

Question 30

3 lessons of the nice gesture

Answer 30

1) the probability of future interaction is high 2) the cost of being nice is less than not being nice 3) they remember each other and those that have been nice to them in the past

Question 31

results from the human prisoner's dilemma game

Answer 31

the most emotionally rewarding payoff was that associated with mutual cooperation

Question 32

neuroeconomics

Answer 32

shed light on proximate aspects of human reciprocity by examining which parts of brain are associated with trust and how individuals respond to cheating by their partners in some economic game

Question 33

mutualism

Answer 33

by product of cooperation in which an individual pays an immediate cost or penalty for not acting cooperatively, such that the immediate net benefit of cooperation outweighs that of cheating

Question 34

what is the difference between byproduct mutualism and reciprocity

Answer 34

in byproduct mutualism there is no temptation to cheat nor do individuals have to keep track of their partner's behavior

Question 35

example of byproduct mutualism

Answer 35

skinnerian blue jays = used P matrix (reciprocity) and M matrix (mutualism) to see the food rewards they received after pecking at cooperate or defect keys

Question 36

M matrix

Answer 36

no temptation to defect because each received equal reward and cooperating always fared better than defecting (that is 4>1, 1>0)

Question 37

P matrix

Answer 37

there was temptation to defect because each received high reward when defected. reciprocity failed to emerge as a stable solution

Question 38

what plays a role in the establishment of cooperation

Answer 38

learning

Question 39

another example of byproduct mutualism

Answer 39

house sparrows = is the call and whether the chirrup vocalization did in fact bring same species of birds to newly discovered food source and if so, under what condition

Question 40

first bird to arrive at a food patch was more likely to

Answer 40

produce a call that attracted other birds when resources were more divisible

Question 41

trait group selection model

Answer 41

a group in which all individuals affect one another's fitness

Question 42

2 levels

Answer 42

1) within-group selection 2) between group selections

Question 43

within group selection

Answer 43

acts against cooperators and altruists, in cooperation and altruists setting since the individuals take on some cost that others do not

Question 44

what phenotypes are favored by within group

Answer 44

selfish phenotypes because they receive benefits without paying the cost

Question 45

between-group selection

Answer 45

favors cooperation if groups with more cooperators out produce other groups with fewer (such as producing more offspring and taking control of more land)

Question 46

polyadic interaction (coalition)

Answer 46

cooperation action taken by at least two individuals or groups against another individual or group

Question 47

alliance

Answer 47

when coalition exists for a long period of time

Question 48

coalition

Answer 48

an animal intervention in a dyadic, usually aggressive, interaction between other group members

Question 49

example of coalition

Answer 49

baboons and dolphins = in baboons coalitions are formed by males for mating a female

Question 50

what are the costs or benefits to the animal that is solicited into a coalition

Answer 50

the cost may be high from being wounded to death and the benefits may be reciprocal when the animal that is solicited into a coalition needs help

Question 51

phylogeny

Answer 51

an evolutionary history via common descent

Question 52

what explains the origin and the distribution of cooperative breeding in some modern groups of birds

Answer 52

common ancestry, rather than natural selection alone

Question 53

intraspecific mutualism/cooperation

Answer 53

cooperation among individuals within a particular species

Question 54

interspecific cooperation

Answer 54

cooperation between individuals from different species (mutualism)