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animal behavior > chp 8: mating system > Flashcards

chp 8: mating system Flashcards

1
Q

the term mating system is used to describe

A

the ways in which animal societies are structured in relation to sexual behavior

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2
Q

the mating system specifies

A

whom males mate with and under what circumstances

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3
Q

who dictates the mating system

A

politics, religions, and the culture

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4
Q

mating behavior and mate choice play a major role in determining

A

reproductive success

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5
Q

mating behavior includes

A

seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates, competing for mates, and caring for offspring

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6
Q

what does promiscuous mating mean

A

mating with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships

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7
Q

what does monogamous mating mean

A

one male mates with one female

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8
Q

males and females with monogamous mating systems have similar

A

external morphologies

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9
Q

polyandry

A

for male: share one female
for female: sole access to several males

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10
Q

monogamy

A

for male: sole access to one female
for female: sole access to one male

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11
Q

polygyandry

A

for male: share several females
for female: share several males

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12
Q

polygyny

A

for male: sole access to several females
for female: share one male

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13
Q

mating systems are important to understand because

A

they reflect the result of natural selection on
1) mate choice
2) strategies for maximizing individual reproductive success

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14
Q

monogamous mating systems

A

1) one male, one female for life span of the individual (very rare)
2) one male, one female per breeding season

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15
Q

serial monogamy

A

one male, one female per breeding season

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16
Q

which monogamy system is most common

A

serial monogamy

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17
Q

monogamous mating in animal was designed for

A

one mating season

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18
Q

monogamous mating in animal is relatively rare in

A

large, conspicuous, daytime species

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19
Q

monogamous mating in animals is common in

A

smaller diurnal species

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20
Q

example of smaller diurnal species with monogamous mating

A

old-field mouse

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21
Q

in lifetime monogamy, what percent of the offspring in a family group were fathered by the male in their burrow

A

90%

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22
Q

polygamous mating system include

A

polygyny and polyandry

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23
Q

advantage of polygamous mating system

A

it increases the variance in reproductive success in the sex that has more than one mate per season

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24
Q

disadvantage of polygamous mating system

A

reproductive success is not equally distributed within male species and between both species

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25
species with polygamous mating systems are usually
sexually dimorphic
26
sexually dimorphic
males and females have different external morphologies
27
in polygyny the males are
usually showier and larger than the females (for protection)
28
in polyandry the females are
more showy than the males
29
what is an important factor that constrains evolution of mating systems
needs of the young
30
an example where a male maximizes his reproductive success by staying with his mate and caring for his chicks (monogamy)
bird species where chicks need a continuous supply of food
31
an example where a male maximizes his reproductive success by seeking additional mates (polgyny)
bird species where chicks are soon able to feed and care for themselves
32
what influences parental care and mating behavior
certainty of paternity
32
what is certainty of paternity
females can be certain that eggs laid or young born contain her genes
33
what does paternal certainty depend on
mating behavior
34
in species with internal fertilization, paternal certainty is
relatively low (because mating and birth are separated over time)
35
males are monogamous when
there is a significant fitness advantage/benefit or when resources are relatively scarce
36
advantage of monogamy for males
male fitness may be highest when they are providing male assistance/care
37
certainty of paternity is what when egg laying and mating occur together (external fertilization
much higher
38
what is the proximate cause behind monogamy
accumulation of neurochemical (dopamine) in the brain area (nucleus accumbens (rostal shell)) and the binfing of the D1 (agression) or D2 (friendly) to Dopamine causes different behaviors
39
how does one male control many females
1) may hold critical resources (resource defense) 2) females may aggregate making them easily defensible (female defense) 3) female may pick male from group of males based on display (male dominance)
40
example of female defense polygyny
australian wasp (epsilon)
41
characteristics associated with female defense polygyny
1) males mature earlier than females (and start looking for where mates will emerge) 2) females have low productivity (so they can receive sperm) and live short lives 3) females mate shortly after becoming adult 4) females grouped close together in space
42
is polyandry common
no it is not that common
43
what are the theories of the conditions that led to polyandry
1) limited resources (so females desert their young and look for more mates) 2) abundant resources and mate availability 3) availability of additional males led to female desertion
44
two forms of polyandry
cooperative polyandry and resource defense polyandry
45
cooperative polyandry
many males defend a female's territory 1) all males mate an equal number of times with the female
46
what jobs do males help with in cooperative polyandry
aid in incubating the eggs, help defend the group's territory, feed the female and chicks
47
resource defense polyandry
females defend resources that are needed by males
48
what distinguishes cooperative polyandry from normal polyandry
cooperative form is more egalitarian (equality) in normal polyandry there can be an alpha male the mates more often with female than a beta male
49
the forms of polyandry have two different types
simultaneous or sequential
50
simultaneous polyandry
females mate with two or more males at the same time
51
sequential polyandry
female mates with one male, and then leaves him to mate with another
52
older females are more likely to be
simultaneously polyandrous, indicating that might be a more successful strategy
53
benefits of polyandrous mating
1) sperm replenishment 2) material benefits 3) genetic benefits 4) convenience
54
disadvantage of polyandry
greater within-group conflict, lack of genetic interest, more competition for greater representation in the next generation
55
what determines the form of polygamy
incentive, parental care costs, opportunity, sex ratio
55
incentive
the type of polygamy will depend on who (which parent) has the greatest incentive to desert the young (benefits males more to desert which is why polygyny is more common)
56
parental care costs
these costs include: simple energetic needs, the risk of survival, or even the cost of losing future reproductive opportunities
57
how is parental cost measured
in terms of the number of offspring an individual gets into the next generation if they stay vs. the number they would produce if they desert
58
opportunity
males have better chance to desert because eggs must be laid one at a time and it can take several days for a clutch to be laid
59
sex ratio
in general if you are a member of the limiting (rarer) sex, then it makes more sense to desert. if you are the common sex you will invest in offspring that you already have
60
another name for polygyny and polyandry occuring in the same population
promiscuous
61
what are the health risks for a female in a promiscuous mating system
sperm are vectors of diseases and disease-causing agents from male and female genitalia hitch a ride on sperm tails and work their way to the uterus
62
how is disease from sperm taken care of
menstruation
63
menstruation hypothesis was developed by who
margie profet
64
menstruation hypothesis
menstruation is a defense that has evolved in females to rid the female reproductive tract of pathogens carried in by sperm
65
where should menstruation be common
in breeding systems where females engage in sexual activity with many partners
66
factor that influence animals into polygyny
if resources are sufficiently abundant, patchy, or both
67
depending on the resource distribution it may pay an individual to choose to mate with
an already mated bird with a great territory than to choose monogamy with a bird in a poor territory
68
if females track resources and males track females, them the mating system in a population is tied to
the distribution of resources
69
females track
resources
70
males track
females
71
under which condition will a mating system move from monogamy to polygamy
polygyny threshold model
72
a female's decision to occupy a certain territory depends on
the territory quality NOT number of females present
73
surreptitious promiscuity
mating beyond the pair (extra pair copulation)
74
the occurrence of extra pair copulations has
led ethnologist to consider the difference between social and genetic monogamy
75
social pair bonding
individuals establish a pair bond with one partner but mate with multiple partners during the breeding season (open relationship)
76
how do we know which offspring came from EPC
genetic analyses such as DNA fingerprinting techniques
77
sperm competition
in some promiscuous mating systems, males compete not only for access to mates but directly for eggs
78
competition can also occur after
a female has mated with several males
79
what leads to competition over access to fertilize eggs
females storing sperm from numerous mating
80
how does sperm compete
sperm size, testes size, sperm shape, time of copulation, sperm velocity
81
in cases where sperm competes, selection can operate how on carious attributes associated with sperm competition
directly
82
cryptic mate choice
a procedure wherein females mate with many males but decide specifically which male's sperm will be the one to fertilize their eggs (hide choice from males)
83
how does cryptic mate choice affect mate preference in females
this procedure permits females more control over mate preference

animal behavior (5 decks)

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