Chp. 11 - Social Psychology

Question 1

What is Social Psychology?

Answer 1

scientific study of how individuals think about, influence and relate to one another.

Question 2

The Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 2

We overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations. Attribute behavior to the individual’s personality traits. See behaviors more often in some cultures than in others.

Question 3

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Answer 3

Occurs when people are influenced by unimportant cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

Question 4

Central Route Persuasion

Answer 4

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Question 5

Foot in Door Phenomenon

Answer 5

Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Question 6

Stanford Prison Experiment

Answer 6

Male college students volunteered to spend time in a mock prison & were assigned the roles of guards or prisoners. Volunteers self-consciously played their roles only for a day or two, after which most guards developed negative attitudes towards the prisoners.

Question 7

Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Experiment

Answer 7

Milgram investigated the effects of punishment on learning. Experiments involved commands to stock on individual. Participants would ego against what the thought was morally right in reaction to authority figures.

Question 8

Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Study

Answer 8

Situations when obedience is highest. Individuals giving orders are in close proximity and are perceived as a legitimate authority figures.

Question 9

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 9

Individuals act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) they feel when 2 of their thoughts (cognitions) clash.

Question 10

Chameleon Effect

Answer 10

Humans are natural mimics, unconsciously imitating, others expressions, postures, and voice tones.

Question 11

Conformity

Answer 11

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Question 12

Normative Social Influence

Answer 12

Results from a person’s desire to grain approval or avoid disapproval.

Question 13

Social Facilitation

Answer 13

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Question 14

Informational Social Influence

Answer 14

Results from a person’s willingness to accept others opinions about reality.

Question 15

Social Loafing

Answer 15

Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Question 16

Deindividuation

Answer 16

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint that occurs in group situations.

Question 17

Group Polarization

Answer 17

Strengthening a group’s preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group. If a group is like-minded, discussion strengths it’s prevailing opinions.

Question 18

Group Think

Answer 18

Occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-taking group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Question 19

Prejudice

Answer 19

Unfair and negative attitude toward a group and its members.

Question 20

Discrimination

Answer 20

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Question 21

Just-world Phenomenon

Answer 21

Tendency to believe that the world is just so that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Question 22

In Group Bias

Answer 22

Tendency to favor one’s own group. People associate themselves with others via social identities.

Question 23

In Group

Answer 23

“Us” - People with whom we share a common identity.

Question 24

Outgroup

Answer 24

“Them” - Those perceived as different or a part of our group.

Question 25

Scapegoat Theory

Answer 25

Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Question 26

Other-race Effect

Answer 26

Tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other faces.

Question 27

Aggression

Answer 27

Any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

Question 28

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Answer 28

Frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression and other aversive stimuli that can trigger aggression such as hot temperatures, physical pain for personal insults, foul orders, cigarette smoke, and crowding.

Question 29

Social Script

Answer 29

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Question 30

Equality

Answer 30

Condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Question 31

Self-disclosure

Answer 31

Act of revealing intimate aspects of one’s life to others.

Question 32

Altruism

Answer 32

Unselfish concern for the welfare of otherwise.

Question 33

Bystander Effect

Answer 33

When people thought they alone heard the calls for help from a person they believed to be having an epileptic seizure, they usually helped.

Question 34

Socialization Norm

Answer 34

Social expectation prescribes how individuals should behave.

Question 35

Reciprocity Norm

Answer 35

The expectation is that people will help those dependent on them.

Question 36

Social-Responsibility Norm

Answer 36

the expectation that people will help those dependent on them.

Question 37

Conflict

Answer 37

Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Question 38

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 38

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Question 39

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Answer 39

Mutual views held by conflicting people.

Question 40

Contact

Answer 40

Positive contact is most effective when it is noncompetitive and between parties with equal status.

Question 41

Superordinate Goals

Answer 41

Superordinate goals; shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.