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Psych2180E > Chp 2 - CogNeuro > Flashcards

Chp 2 - CogNeuro Flashcards

1
Q

Capgras’ syndrome

A
  • Issue with ventral “what” pathway, no emotional connection
  • When look at things, goes thru temporal lobe, need to connect it to the amygdala, contains the emotion response
  • Fibre going to the amygdala are cut
  • The auditory is not affected (Fine during phone call)
  • Temporal part that is related to the auditory functions that was not damaged
  • Think people living with them are imposters/ think the home is not their home
  • Can happen in parkinsons
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2
Q

Phrenology

A

involved examination and
measurement of the skull and its individual topography.

(the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities.)

Major assumptions:
* The brain is the organ of the mind
* The brain is modular and functions are localized
* Brain functioning and specific traits are innate
* Individual differences due to differentially developed areas in the brain

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3
Q

Name 3 methods of studying the brain

A
  • Animal models
  • Human case studies
  • Brain Imaging
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4
Q

Name 2 ways they did animal models to study the brain

A

→ Ablation/lesion studies
→ Single cell recording

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5
Q

Hindbrain and mid brain are the ______ parts of the brain

A

oldest

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6
Q

What are the structures in the hindbrain? (3)

A
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Cerebellum
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7
Q

Medulla

A
  • Located just above the spinal cord
  • Heart rate & respiration
  • Thoroughfare for sensory information
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8
Q

Pons

A
  • Lies on each side of the medulla (ventral and anterior)
  • Regulate sleep, dreaming, respiration
  • Axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord
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9
Q

Reticular formation (Midbrain)

A

Responsible for consciousness, wakefulness, arousal and attention

If damaged: coma

If stimulate cat’s RF when they are awake, they go to sleep

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10
Q

What are the main structures in the forebrain?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
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11
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Sensory switchboard
    • Routes sensory information to appropriate place
  • (e.g., visual goes to visual centres; auditory to auditory centres)
  • All senses (except for olfaction) are routed through the thalamus
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12
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Major role in controlling biological drives
  • Sexual behaviour, eating, drinking, circadian rhythms, aggression, emotion
  • Connection with pituitary gland that controls hormones
  • Damage can disrupt all these behaviours
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13
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Organizes emotional responses
  • Especially those linked to aggression and fear
  • Stimulation of amygdala in animal studies leads to snarling behaviour
  • eg. patient S.M.: near complete bilateral destruction of the amygdala, dubbed “the woman with no fear”, preserved (and even enhanced) fear response to CO2 inhalation
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14
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Forming & retrieving memories
  • Damage to hippocampus can result in profound amnesia
  • eg. patient H.M.: anterograde amnesia (inability to form new long-term memories)
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15
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • hormone-producing gland found at the base of the hypothalamus
  • Released in response to sex and motivated behaviour
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16
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • More highly developed in humans than other species
  • responsible for the higher-level processes of the human brain, including language, memory, reasoning, thought, learning, decision-making, emotion, intelligence and personality

Without cerebral cortex: cant use lang and specific funcition

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17
Q

Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Frontal
  • Occipital
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
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18
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • Highly responsible for visual input
  • Located at the posterior end of the cortex
  • Known as the striate cortex or the primary visual cortex
  • Visual Cortex: Brodmann area 17
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19
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Essential for spatial information as well as numerical information
  • Contains the postcentral gyrus (“primary somatosensory cortex”)
  • Primary target for touch sensations and information from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors
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20
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Lateral portion of each hemisphere: Target for auditory information and essential for processing spoken language (usually LEFT)
  • Responsible for complex aspects of vision, including movement and some emotional and motivational behaviors: Klüver-Bucy syndrome associated with temporal lobe damage
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21
Q

Premotor Cortex

A
  • Abstract thinking and planning
  • Ability to remember recent events and information (“working memory”)
  • Planning and consequences
  • High level functioning
  • Complex long term planning
  • Impulse control

Damage:
- Say inappropriate things
- Lack of empathy

-Last part of the brain to develop (tend to be developed till 25)

  • Brain scan of murderers tend to have lower activities in prefrontal cortex
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22
Q

What does the Frontal Lobe include? (2)

A
  • Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex): control of motor movement
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • is a not very understood area
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23
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A
  • Responsible for control of specific areas of the opposite side of the body
  • Active when people intend a movement
  • “orders” an outcome
  • also active when you imagine, remember movements or understand verbs related to movements
  • Fine motor control contributes to more mapping in the primary motor cortex
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24
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A
  • Receives specific sense information from opposite side of body
  • At least one specific area for each sense
  • Located in parietal lobe

More sensory receptors in some areas:

Malleable:
If engage in some activities, may end up with more sensory/ motor receptors

e.g. violinist
Right side of the brain contributes due to the left hand

  • Evidence of Neuroplasticity
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25
Q

All sense except for hearing is processed ________ly

A

contralaterally

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26
Q

Insula

A

-not very understood
- Might be related to sense of self-awareness

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27
Q

corpus callousum

A
  • How the 2 hemispheres communicate
  • Help with epilepsy (grand mal)
  • Subject to change due to neuroplasticity
  • Tend to be larger in musicians
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28
Q

gyri

A

bumps

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29
Q

Sulci

A

grooves

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30
Q

Name the 5 brain imaging techniques mentioned in class.

A
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)
  • Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
  • Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
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31
Q

Name the 2 brain stimulation techniques.

A

TMS & tDCS

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32
Q

Name the types of LTM

A

Declarative (Explicit) Memory (can be verbalized)
- Episodic
- Semantic

Nondeclarative (Implicit) Memory

33
Q

Episodic memory

A

Personal experiences (‘episodes’ of your life)

34
Q

Semantic memory

A

General factual knowledge

35
Q

Nondeclarative (Implicit) Memory

A
  • Procedural
  • Reflected in motor / cognitive skills and actions
  • Some classically conditioned responses
  • Perceptual priming
36
Q

Dissociation

A

Disruption in one component of mental functioning but no impairment of the other

37
Q

Double Dissociation

A
  • Complete separation
  • Brain lesion that cause disruption in process A doesn’t affect process B, and lesion that cause damage in process B doesn’t affect process A
38
Q

Semantic retrieval

A

-Retrieve meaning of a concept

39
Q

Lexical retrieval

A

Finding the name for the concept

40
Q

Neuron

A

Specialized cell that receives and transmits a neural impulse

41
Q

Neuron Structure (7)

A
  • Cell body
  • Nucleus
  • Dendrites (input)
  • Myelin sheath
  • Axon
  • Axon hillock
  • Axon terminal (buttons)
42
Q

Myelin sheath

A
  • Speed neural communication
  • Nerve impulses jump through nodes
  • Produced by glial cells
43
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Suffering from damage to the myelin

44
Q

Sensory-Motor Reflex Arc

A

Receptor cells
- React to physical stimulus and trigger a pattern of firing down sensory neurons
- Neuron tracts pass the message along spinal cord

45
Q

Interneurons

A
  • In the CNS, spinal cord to brain
  • Routes a message up the spinal cord and into the brain
46
Q

Electrical Neural Communication/ Action potential

A
  • Occur within the interior of the neuron
  • Resting charge of -70mV
  • When stimulated, depolarization of the electrical potential, “fire”
  • Change to +40mV
  • Sodium(+) ions enter the interior of the cells as the ion gates on the cell membrane open in sequence, cause action potential to be electrically positive
  • Potassium(+) ions being forced out of the cell, renders base charge of the neuron negative again
47
Q

Propagated

A

the movement of an action potential from dendrites, through soma, and down axon

48
Q

All-or-none principle

A

The idea of that either a neuron fires or it does not, with all action potentials being the same

49
Q

Chemical Neural Communication

A

The impulse of the action potential within a neuron terminates at the axon terminals and is taken up by the dendrites of the next neurons in the pathway

50
Q

Synapse

A

region where the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another come together

51
Q

Synapse as a verb

A

meaning it passes its message on to that other neuron

52
Q

Divergence

A

in the brain, any single neuron synapses on a large number of other neurons (on anywhere from 100 to as many as 15000 other neurons)

53
Q

Convergence

A

Many diff neurons can synapse on a single destination neuron

54
Q

How Neurons Communicate: Synaptic Transmission

A
  • Neurons do not make physical contact
  • Communicate with chemicals
  • The firing (presynaptic) neuron releases chemicals called neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
55
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Chemicals produced by neurons
  • Synthesized inside neurons
  • Stored in synaptic vesicles
  • Released by presynaptic neuron
  • Bind to receptor sites in postsynaptic neuron
  • Neurotransmitters bind only to specific sites
56
Q

Excitation and Inhibition

A

Successful neurotransmitter binding to a postsynaptic neuron does not necessarily trigger an action potential!

57
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A
  • Depolarizes neuron
  • Stimulates flow of Na+ ions
  • Increases likelihood of action potential
58
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A
  • Hyperpolarizes neuron
  • Stimulates K+ to flow out
  • Decreases likelihood of action potential
59
Q

Neuromodulators

A
  • Work in conjunction with other chemicals
  • Accentuates or diminish effects of neurotransmitter
  • Excitatory neurotransmitter more excitatory, inhib more inhib
60
Q

The neurotransmitters that have major influences are on cognitive processes, e.g. learning and memory (2)

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
61
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Essential role in normal learning and memory
  • Related to long-term potentiation
  • Low levels related to Alzheimer’s disease, learning/ memory deficit
62
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Excitatory neurotransmitter
  • Important for creating and strengthening the connections between neurons (how we learn)
63
Q

GABA

A
  • Inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • Weaking the connections between neurons
  • Kinda like the opp of glutamate
63
Q

GABA

A
  • Inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • Weaking the connections between neurons
  • Kinda like the opp of glutamate
64
Q

Contralaterality

A
  • Principle that control of one side of the body is localised in the opposite hemisphere of the brain
65
Q

Hemisphere Specialization

A
  • Principle that each cerebral hemisphere has specialised functions and abilities
66
Q

Cerebral lateralization

A
  • Different functions or actions within the brain tend to be to localized one or the other hemisphere
67
Q

CT Scan

A
  • Computerized Axial Tomography
  • X-ray
  • Quick assessment of general brain structure
68
Q

MRI

A
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Machine creates a very strong magnetic field
  • Used to look at the distribution of molecules of a certain type
  • E.g. see brain structure, look at distribution of water molecules
  • Very clear resolution
  • Cannot work with people with metal implants
69
Q

Single cell recording

A
  • Looks at how the firing rate of an individual cell changes, by seeing whether it fires more or less often as a function of the given task
  • Typically used on animals
  • Very invasive
70
Q

EEG

A
  • Electroencephalogram Recording
  • Not invasive
  • Electrodes placed on the scalp, device records the pattern of brain waves
71
Q

Event-Related Potential (ERPs)

A
  • The momentary changes in electrical activity of the brain when a particular stimulus is presented to a person
  • N400 for sematic violations
72
Q

TMS

A
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Apparatus is positioned near a person’s head with a part of the brain targeted
  • Turned on: produces magnetic field that stimulates/ disrupts the electrical activity in a part of a person’s brain
  • Temporary lesion
73
Q

PET Scans

A
  • Positron emission tomography
  • Injected with radioactive isotope that is taken up in the bloodstream (Isotope is minimal impact)
  • Person is placed into scanner and asked to do a kind of task
  • Found certain parts of the brain works harder than they normally to
  • Part of the brain will “light up” in the PET scan image
73
Q

PET Scans

A
  • Positron emission tomography
  • Injected with radioactive isotope that is taken up in the bloodstream (Isotope is minimal impact)
  • Person is placed into scanner and asked to do a kind of task
  • Found certain parts of the brain works harder than they normally to
  • Part of the brain will “light up” in the PET scan image
74
Q

fMRI

A
  • Functional
  • Yields images of the functioning of the brain
  • MRI magnet to isolate molecules,
  • BOLD signal: oxygen to assess where increased blood is flowing in the brain, indicate heightened neural activity
75
Q

Lesions

A
  • Usually on animals, patients with med conditions
  • Sometimes reveals secrets of cog processes
76
Q

Direct Stimulation

A
  • Patient remained conscious
  • Applied minute electrical charges to the exposed brain
  • Patients asked to answer questions or report out thoughts and mem
  • Compare the patient’s reports with diff regions that are stimulated, surgeon can dev a map of cerebral functioning

Psych2180E (8 decks)

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