Chp 6 - Memory Flashcards

Question

consolidation (5)

Answer 1

- Decreased rate of forgetting over time can be explained by assuming older memories have had more consolidation time - Patients with retrograde amnesia often show greatest forgetting for memories formed shortly before amnesia onset - “Blackouts” caused by excessive drinking – failure to consolidate? - Consolidation during sleep - Reconsolidation (Chan & LaPaglia, 2013)

Answer 2

Older material interferes forward in time with recollection of current stimulus e.g., stimuli learnt from an earlier list cause difficulty in recalling later words

Answer 3

Newer material interferes backward in time with recollection of older items e.g., recalling items from list 1 but recalling from list 2

Answer 4

- Removed medial temporal lobes bilaterally (includes the hippocampus) - Severe anterograde memory - Impaired in spatial/ topographical memory Had intact STM: - Skills (motor learning) - Mirror drawing task

Answer 5

impairment in ability to learn and remember information encountered after the onset of amnesia

Answer 6

Impairment in ability to remember events prior to amnesia onset

Answer 7

amnesia due to chronic alcohol abuse More studied as it is hard to study those with closed head surgery Possible to have both anterograde/ retrograde

Answer 8

Skills and habits Priming Simple classical conditioning (involuntary) Non-associative learning

Answer 9

Episodic memory is about recollection of events in one's past. - Autobiographical memory is one's personal history that may include episodic memories in addition to other facts about oneself (such as one's place and date of birth) (autobiographic semantic memory)

Answer 10

Patients with amnesia often have greater impairments to episodic memory than semantic memory Patients with semantic dementia often have greater impairments to semantic memory than episodic Evidence suggests that episodic and semantic memory may rely on different brain regions rhinal: semantic hippocampus: episodic

Answer 11

Renoult et al. (2016) – used EEG to look for event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to episodic and semantic memory retrieval → ERPs differed between episodic and semantic memory retrieval → Tanguay et al. (2018); Greenberg et al. (2009)

Answer 12

when an episodic memory becomes a semantic memory over time (Robin & Moscovitch, 2017)

Answer 13

demonstrating that taking tests during the learning phase facilitates later retrieval from long-term memory.

Answer 14

- Priming occurs rapidly whereas procedural memory/skill learning is typically slow and gradual - Priming is tied to specific stimuli whereas skill learning typically generalizes to other stimuli

Answer 15

occurs when repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to facilitated processing of its perceptual features

Answer 16

occurs when repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to facilitated processing of its meaning

Answer 17

Sometimes total forgetting 1) Transience 2) Absentmindedness 3) Blocking

Answer 18

- Situations where the memory is just not there, maybe because of decay or interference - Used to refer to the loss of info formed - Memory probably won't come back

Answer 19

- We don’t really encode things that aren't required for us to pay attention to - Intersection between LTM and attention

Answer 20

- Situations where the failure to retrieve - more temporary - TOT

Answer 21

1) Persistence 2) Misattribution 3) Suggestibility 4) Bias

Answer 22

Situations where we have unwanted memory popping up Common in PTSD Might be brought up by retrieval cues

Answer 23

The memory is correct, but attributing to the wrong source e.g. A: I read this off a news article! -> B: No, I told you that.

Answer 24

Incorporating info provided by other people e.g. justice system, eyewitness We are highly suggestable when it comes to memory

Answer 25

Tendency for our past knowledge/ current beliefs on how we remember other things Bias affects encoding Confirmation bias, confirming what we already believe

Answer 26

Participants asked to study a face (live or photographed) for 30 uninterrupted seconds, and then immediately asked to pick out the face they had just seen from an array of 10 photos Overall accuracy: 66%!

Answer 27

Studied military recruits during traumatic training exercises Highly traumatic situations resulted in worse memory for the faces of interrogators/guards

Answer 28

Yerkes-Dodson Law - physiological arousal to a certain point can increase memory accuracy (inverted U) The “Catastrophe” Model - to some extent stress aids memory accuracy - too high stress cause worse memory (dramatic drop)

Answer 29

People show excellent memory for things that are central for emotional event but poorer memory for peripheral details Central details due to the fact to be elaborated later from other story teller, details get reinforced into the memory

Answer 30

Presence of a weapon can narrow the focus on the weapon, but has a bad peripheral vison of the scene (e.g. cannot tell the face of the person holding the weapon)

Answer 31

Participants were shown photos of people holding either a weapon or a neutral item (e.g., a remote control): visual fixation points tracked Experiment 1: Participants pointed a (non-working) gun Experiment 2: Participants held a metal cylinder Experiment 3: Gun holstered at the participant’s hip Results: When looking at photos of people holding actual weapons: - Participants in Experiment 1 spent more time looking at the person’s face - Participants in Experiments 2 & 3 spent more time looking at the weapon (expected weapon focus effect)

Answer 32

Memory is subject to post-event distortions when people are presented with misleading information after the fact

Answer 33

Witnesses may unconsciously misidentify a person as the perpetrator of a crime because that person seems familiar to them Photo bias - Increase in probability to being accused as the perpetrator if you've been seen in a photo

Answer 34

a failure to detect changes in the presence, identity or location of objects in scenes, is also strongest when subjects do not expect changes to occur. Demonstrates limited capacity to take in all aspects of a scene at the same time Illusion of continuity Results from our natural tendency to use top-down processing (fill in the gaps)

Answer 35

Participants watched a video of a minor car accident and then asked leading questions about it “smashed” vs. "hit" – the participants in the leading condition estimated the cars’ speeds as higher and recalled more broken glass

Answer 36

In the classic study (Loftus, Miller, & Burns, 1978), participants viewed slides of a car accident and were later asked questions about it. The critical misleading question asked whether there was a “stop” or a “yield” sign at the intersection where the car made the fatal turn. - Participants who were misled about the type of road sign present in the original slide show were more likely to make errors when presented with two pictures and asked which had been in the original slide deck

Answer 37

Participants shown 10 people labeled as “criminals Participants subsequently shown a photo array of 15 mugshots (some “criminals”, some “non-criminals”) - In a lineup one week later, participants were more likely to label a “non-criminal” as one of the original “criminals” if they had seen the person’s mugshot

Answer 38

manipulate people into thinking they remember something that didn’t actually happen

Answer 39

• Used in the laboratory • Recall and recognition type tasks • Researchers hope to create a false memory through related words

Answer 40

• To investigate recollection and familiarity • Do you recognise this word? Further questions about the word and if you can, it signifies you remember • Metamemory: how confident people are in their responses

Answer 41

Involved implanting false memories about being lost in the shopping mall as a child - Researchers were able to elicit a false memory in about ¼ of their participants • Interviewed about 3 times in a 2 week period Priming

Answer 42

• Participants read a news article about a hurricane; some saw the article accompanied by a pre-hurricane phots, the others a post hurricane photo • Not told to remember any info • After a week, brought in for a surprise recognition task, "was this statement on the paper?' ○ Those who saw the post photo, recall the newspaper reporting injuries and deaths despite none vs. The pre-hurricane group

Answer 43

When info presented online in spoken words, they are better remembered than formally reported info

Chp 6 - Memory Flashcards

(67 cards)