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Microbiology > Chp 5 > Flashcards

Chp 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism is the

A

buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell

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2
Q

These chemical reactions provide energy and create substances that sustain life

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

microbial metabolism can cause

A

disease and food spoilage, many pathways are beneficial rather than pathogenic

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4
Q

Catabolism

A

breaks down complex molecules; provides energy and building blocks for anabolism; exergonic

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5
Q

Anabolism

A

uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules; endergonic

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6
Q

Metabolic pathways are

A

sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

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7
Q

Metabolic pathways are determined by

A

enzymes

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8
Q

Enzymes are encoded by

A

genes

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9
Q

The collision theory states

A

that chemical reactions occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide

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10
Q

Activation energy

A

is the collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

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11
Q

Reaction rate

A

is the frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction

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12
Q

Reaction rate can be increased by

A

enzymes or by increasing temperature, pressure, or concentration

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13
Q

Catalysts

A

speed up chemical reactions without being altered

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14
Q

Enzymes are

A

biological catalysts

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15
Q

Enzymes act on a

A

specific substrate and lower the activation energy

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16
Q

Substrate contacts the enzyme’s active site to form an

A

enzyme-substrate complex

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17
Q

Substrate is transformed and rearranged into

A

products, which are released from the enzyme

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18
Q

Enzyme is unchanged and can react with other

A

substrates

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19
Q

Enzymes have specificity for

A

particular substrates

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20
Q

Turnover number is the

A

number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

Generally 1 to 10,000

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21
Q

Names of enzymes usually end in

A

ase

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22
Q

Naming enzymes

A

1) Oxidoreductase: oxidation-reduction reactions
2) Transferase: transfer functional groups

3) Hydrolase:
hydrolysis

4) Lyase: removal of atoms without hydrolysis
5) Isomerase: rearrangement of atoms
6) Ligase: joining of molecules; uses ATP

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23
Q

Enzyme Components

A

1) Apoenzyme: protein portion

2) Cofactor: nonprotein component
- –Coenzyme: organic cofactor

3) Holoenzyme: apoenzyme plus cofactor

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24
Q

Enzyme Components Assist

A

enzymes; electron carriers

example:
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
- Coenzyme A

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25
Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity
1) Temperature 2) pH 3) Substrate concentration 4) Inhibitors
26
High temperature and extreme pH do what to enzyme activity
denature proteins
27
what happens to enzymes if the concentration of substrate is high
(saturation), the enzyme catalyzes at its maximum rate
28
increasing temperature does what to enzymatic activity
The enzymatic activity (rate of reaction catalyzed by the enzyme) increases with increasing temperature until the enzyme, a protein, is denatured by heat and inactivated. At this point, the reaction rate falls steeply.
29
Competitive inhibitors
fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate
30
Noncompetitive inhibitors
interact with another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather than the active site in a process called allosteric inhibition
31
Feedback Inhibition
End-product of a reaction allosterically inhibits enzymes from earlier in the pathway
32
Ribozymes
RNA that function as catalysts by cutting and splicing RNA
33
Oxidation:
removal of electrons
34
Reduction
gain of electrons
35
Redox reaction
an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction
36
Biological oxidations are often
dehydrogenations
37
In biological systems, electrons and protons are removed at
the same time; equivalent to a hydrogen atom
38
ATP is generated by the
phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy
39
ATP generated when
added to ADP generates ATP
40
Electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another along an
electron transport chain (system) on a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP
41
Photophosphorylation Occurs
only in light-trapping photosynthetic cells
42
In Photophosphorylation Light energy is converted to
ATP when the transfer of electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll pass through a system of carrier molecules
43
Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production
Series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions Extracts energy from organic compounds and stores it in chemical form (ATP)
44
Carbohydrate Catabolism is
The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy - Glycolysis - Krebs cycle - Electron transport chain (system)
45
Glycolysis
The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH
46
Glycolysis -Preparatory stage
2 ATP are used Glucose is split to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
47
Glycolysis - | Energy conserving stage
- The two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid molecules - 4 ATP are produced - 2 NADH are produced
48
In glycolysis Overall net gain
of two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose oxidized
49
Additional Pathways to Glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway and Entner-Doudoroff pathway
50
Pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis
- Uses pentoses and produces NADPH | - Operates simultaneously with glycolysis
51
Entner-Doudoroff pathway | to glycolysis
- Produces NADPH and ATP - Does not involve glycolysis - Occurs in Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Agrobacterium
52
Cellular Respiration
- Oxidation of molecules liberates electrons to operate an electron transport chain - Final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is inorganic - ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation
53
Aerobic Respiration
Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis
54
Krebs cycle
- Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and decarboxylation (loss of CO2) occurs - The resulting two-carbon compound attaches to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA and NADH
55
Krebs cycle is | Oxidation of
acetyl CoA produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP, and liberates CO2 as waste
56
Electron transport chain (system) occurs in
the plasma membrane of prokaryotes; inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes
57
Electron transport chain series of
carrier molecules (flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones) are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain
58
During the electron transport chain energy released is
used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis
59
Chemiosmosis
- Electrons (from NADH) pass down the electron transport chain while protons are pumped across the membrane - -Establishes proton gradient (proton motive force) Protons in higher concentration on one side of the membrane diffuse through ATP synthase --Releases energy to synthesize ATP
60
During Aerobic Respiration The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is
molecular oxygen (O2)
61
Carbohydrate Catabolism
- Each NADH can be oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce 3 molecules of ATP - Each FADH2 can produce 2 molecules of ATP
62
During anaerobic respiration The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is
NOT O2 Yields less energy than aerobic respiration
63
Fermentation releases
energy from the oxidation of organic molecules
64
Fermentation does not require
oxygen
65
Fermentation does not use which cycles
Krebs cycle or ETC
66
Fermentation Uses what molecule as the final electron acceptor
organic molecule
67
Does fermentation Produce large or small amounts of ATP
small
68
Lactic acid fermentation: produces
lactic acid
69
two types of lactic acid fermentation are
1) Homolactic fermentation: produces lactic acid only | 2) Heterolactic fermentation: produces lactic acid and other compounds
70
in lactic acid fermentation glucose is oxidized to
pyruvic acid, which is then reduced by NADH
71
Alcohol fermentation: produces
produces ethanol + CO2 Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid; pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2; NADH reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol
72
Lipid and Protien Catabolism stages
Protein ---extracellular proteases ---> Amino Acids ----Deamination, decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, desulfurization---> Organic Acid ----> Krebs Cycle
73
Biochemical tests identify bacteria by
by detecting enzymes (e.g., those involved in decarboxylation and dehydrogenation)
74
Fermentation test:
bacteria that catabolize carbohydrate or protein produce acid, causing the pH indicator to change color
75
Oxidase test:
identifies bacteria that have cytochrome oxidase (e.g., Pseudomonas)
76
Light-dependent (light) reactions:
conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
77
Light-independent (dark) reactions
ATP and NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to sugar (carbon fixation) via the Calvin-Benson cycle
78
Photosynthesis is made up of what two kinds of reactions
light dependent reactions light independent reactions
79
Phototrophs use
light energy to metabolize
80
Photoautotrophs use what in metabolism
energy in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 to sugar - Oxygenic: produces O2 - Anoxygenic: does not produce O2
81
Photoheterotrophs use what compounds
use organic compounds as sources of carbon; anoxygenic
82
Chemoautotrophs
- Use energy from inorganic chemicals; CO2 as carbon source - Energy is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 - Use energy and carbon from organic chemicals
83
Amphibolic pathways
:metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism -Many pathways function simultaneously with common intermediates

Microbiology (9 decks)

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