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Bio 250 > Chp 6 > Flashcards

Chp 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System

A

Bones (skeleton)
Cartilages
Ligaments (bone to bone)
Tendons (bone to muscle)

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2
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A 
Assistance in Movement
Support (structure)
mineral homeostasis
Storage of fats
Protection of internal organs
site of blood cel production
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3
Q

What is the name of the growth plate found in children’s bones during endochondral ossification?

A

Epiphyseal plate (once ossified: epiphyseal line)

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4
Q

Long bone

A

Longer than they are wide, has shaft plus two ends

ex// all limb bones except patella, wrist, and ankle bones

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5
Q

Short bone

A

cube shaped ex// bones of ankle and wrist

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6
Q

Flat bones

A

Composed of 2 layers of compact tissue ex// sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

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7
Q

Irregular bones

A

complicated shapes ex// vertebrae and hip bones

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8
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Type of short bone embedded in a tendon (shaped like a sesame seed) ex// patella

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9
Q

Sutural bone

A

interlocking joints of tiny, irregularly shaped bones that unite all bones of adult skull ex// coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid

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10
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rounded projection, may be roughened

Site of muscle and ligament attachement

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11
Q

Crest

A

Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

Site of muscle and ligament attachment

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12
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only example: on femur)
Site of muscle and ligament attachment

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13
Q

Line

A

Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest

site of muscle/ligament attachment

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14
Q

Tubercle

A

small rounded projection or process

site of muscle/ligament attachment

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15
Q

epicondyle

A

raised area on or above a condyle

site of muscle/ligament attachment

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16
Q

Spine

A

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

site of muscle/ligament attachment

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17
Q

Process

A

Any bony prominence

site of muscle/ligament attachment

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18
Q

Head

A

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

projection that helps form joints

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19
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

projection that helps form joints

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20
Q

Condyle

A

rounded articular projection

projection that helps form joints

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21
Q

Ramus

A

armlike bar of bone

projection that helps form joints

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22
Q

Groove

A

Furrow

depression/opening that allows passage of blood vessels and nerves

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23
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, slitlike opening

depression/opening that allows passage of blood vessels and nerves

24
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone

depression/opening that allows passage of blood vessels and nerves

25
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
26
Meatus
canal-like passageway
27
Sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
28
Fossa
Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
29
Compact Bone
Dense outer layer, solid mass aka "lamellar bone" functional unit = osteon (Haversian system)
30
Cancellous/ Spongy Bone
Honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red or yellow marrow
31
Periosteum
White, double-layered membrane that covers the external surface of entire bone except for the joint surfaces Provides anchoring points for tendons and ligaments Outer fibrous layer is made of connective tissue, inner osteogenic layer consists of osteogenic stem cells
32
Sharpey's Fibers
"Perforating fibers": tufts of collagen fibers that extend from its fibrous layer into the bone matrix- secure the periosteum to the underlying bone
33
Endosteum
Delicate connective tissue membrane that covers internal bone surfaces Contains osteogenic cells
34
Location of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow)
Infants: in medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone Adults: in diploe of flat bones, sternum, and head of femur and humerus Yellow marrow can convert to red marrow in anemic persons
35
What are the 4 major types of cells in bones?
Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
36
Osteogenic cells
Undergo cell division, resulting cells develop into osteoblasts
37
Osteoblasts
Bone-building cells, synthesize extracellular matrix of bone tissue
38
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells, exchange nutrients and wastes with blood
39
Osteoclasts
Release enzymes that digest the mineral components of bone matrix (resorption) Regulate blood calcium level
40
Chemical composition of bone
25% water [inorganic] 25% collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins [organic] 50-65% crystallized mineral salts [inorganic]; mainly hydroxapatites (deposited and calcified by osteoblasts)
41
Wolff's Law
Bone increases in mass in proportion to the stresses placed on it by muscles ex// right handed people will have heavier bones in the right hand, bones of weight lifters (such as clavicles) are large, astronauts/bedridden patients suffer bone loss from lack of stress on bones
42
Open Fracture
break in teh skin and underlying soft tissue leading directly into or communicating with the fracture and its hematoma
43
Closed Fracture
"simple" fracture, does not break the skin
44
Comminuted Fracture
Bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces
45
Greenstick Fracture
Partial fracture, one side of bone is broken and other side bends (common in chidren whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults)
46
Impacted Fracture
One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into another
47
Pott's Fracture
Fracture of the fibula, with injury of the tibial articulation
48
Colle's Fracture
Fracture of the radius, with displacement of distal fragment
49
Stress Fracture
A series of microscopic fissures in bone
50
Bone Mass
Peak bone mass: by age 20, maintain until 35-40 Women lose bone at accelerated rate during first ten years after menopause (2-5% per year) Men lose bone more slowly with higher rate of loss after 65 years
51
4 Factors that Contribute to Bone Health
Genetics, physical activity, hormones, nutrition
52
2 main effects of aging on bone tissue
1. Loss of Bone mass: loss of calcium from bone matrix | 2. Brittleness: results from decreased rate of protein synthesis, loss of tensile strength
53
Osteomalacia
Inadequately mineralized bones, "soft bones" | Insufficient dietary calcium/insufficient vit D
54
RIckets
Children's form of osteomalacia | More detrimental, bowed legs, deformities of pelvis, ribs, skull
55
Osteoporosis
Decreased bone mass/bone mineral density resulting in porous bones 44 million US women and men (50 Y and older) most common fracture sites: hip (femur), spine, wrist

Bio 250 (24 decks)

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