chp 7 Flashcards by Stephanie Bourque

Axial Skeleton

80 Bones: supports and protects bones of head, neck, and trunk
Cranial bones: 8 
Facial bones: 14
Auditory bones: 6
Hyoid : 1 
Vertebral Column: 26
Thoracic Cage: 25

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Cranial Bones

Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Frontal (1)
Occipital (1)
Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1)

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Facial Bones

Maxilla (2) 
Zygomatic (2)
Mandible (1)
Nasal (2)
Palatine (2)
Inferior Nasal Concha (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Vomer (1)

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Vertebral Column

Cervical Vertebrae: 7
Thoracic Vertebrae: 12
Lumbar Vertebrae: 5
Sacrum: 1
Coccyx: 1

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Thoracic Cage

Sternum: 1
Ribs: 24

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Appendicular Skeleton

Includes bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to axial skeleton; 126 bones total

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Pectoral girdles

4 bones

Clavicle (2) and scapula (2)

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Upper Extremity

60 
Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Ulna (2)
Carpals (16)
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)

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Pelvic Girdle

Coxal/innominate/hip bones (2)

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Lower Extremity

Femur (2) 
Tibia (2) 
Fibula (2)
Patella (2)
Tarsals (14)
Metatarsals (10) 
Phalanges (28)

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Mastoid process

Conical prominence projecting from undersurface of temporal bone. Located just behind the external acoustic meatus, lateral to the styloid process. Mastoid process is point of attachment for several muscles.

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Cribriform Plate

Makes up the ethmoidal labyrinths, forms most of the inner walls of the eye socks and are joined together by a thin perforated plate of bone at the roof of the nose. The olfactory nerves that carry the sense of small passes through the foramina to the brain.

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Styloid Process

Temporal styloid process: attachment point for several neck and tongue muscles
Radial styloid process: anchoring point for ligaments
Ulnar styloid process: anchoring point for wrist ligament

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Fontanelle

Membranous spaces (soft spots) in the skull of newborn
Anterior: largest
Posterior
Anterolateral (sphenoidal)
Posterolateral (mastoid)
By age 5 the brain stops growing, cranial sutures develop

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Suture

Type of fibrous joint which only occurs int he skull/cranium

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Wormian/Sutural bones

Intrasutural bones: irregular, isolated, extra bone pieces that occur within a suture in the cranium

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4 main cranial sutures

Frontal/coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid

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Functions of paranasal sinuses

Lighten the skull
Increase voice resonance
Buffers against blows to the face
Immunological defense

Paranasal sinuses (definition, names, locations)

Mucosa lined, air-filled spaces in bones surrounding nasal cavity
Maxillary sinuses* largest (surround nasal cavity)
Frontal sinuses (above the eyes)
Ethmoidal sinuses (between the eyes)
Sphenoidal sinuses (behind the ethmoids

Bony boundaries of orbits

Roof: sphenoid, frontal
Lateral wall: zygomatic, frontal, sphenoid
Medial wall: sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal
Floor of orbit: palatine, maxillary, zygomatic

Cleft lip/ cleft palate

Congenital deformities, failure of palate to fuse medially, involves palatine and maxilla bones. Can result in failure to gain weight, feeing problems, speech difficulties, poor growth, ear infections

Fetal/infant vertebral column

33 separate bones

Adult vertebral column

24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx

Typical Cervical vertebrae

(vertebrae 3-7) small, wide body
short bifid spinous process
triangular vertebral foramen
transverse process contains foramina

Typical Thoracic vertebrae

larger body than cervical, body is heart shaped long, sharp spinous process that projects inferiorly circular vertebral foramen transverse process bears facets for ribs (except T11 and T12)

Typical lumbar vertebrae

Massive, kidney shaped body Short, blunt, rectangular spinous process, projects directly posteriorly Triangular vertebral foramen Transverse process is thin and tapered

Atlas

C1 No body, no spinous process Ring of bone, superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles of the skull

Axis

Features dens (odontoid process) which acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas (allows no-no head movement)

Intervertebral disc

Nucleus pulposus: inner gelatinous nucleus gives the disc elasticity and compressability Annulus fibrosus: outer collar of collagen and fibrocartilage

Why is a slipped disc painful?

Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, most common in lumbar region. Pressure on spinal nerves causes pain.

3 Abnormal curvatures of the spine

Kyphosis: outward curvature (hunchback) Lordosis: inward curvature: swayback Scoliosis: lateral (sideward) curvature

Primary spinal curves

Present at birth: Thoracic and Sacral

Secondary spinal curves

Cervical (4 months) and Lumbar (12 months)

Thoracic cage/ bony thorax

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, costal cartilages

True ribs

aka vertebrosternal ribs; superior 7 ribs attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages

False ribs

Remaining 5 pairs of ribs, either attach indirectly to sternum or completely lack sternal attachment

Vertebral ribs/ floating ribs

Rib pairs 11 and 12, no anterior attachment

Male vs Female pelves

Female: broad, shallow pelvic cavity. Bones are lighter and thinner. Pubic arch angle is larger (80*-90*) Male: narrow, deep pelvic cavity. Smaller pelvic inlet and outlet. Heavier, thicker bones. Small pubic arch angle (50*-60*)

arches of foot

lateral longitudinal arch, medial longitudinal arch. Arches "give"/stretch slightly when weight is applied to the foot and spring back when weight is removed, makes walking/running more economical

Articulation/joints

point of contact, weakest portion of skeleton between 2 bones between bone and cartilage between bone and teeth

Joint classification: structural

Material binding bones together Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Joint classification: functional

Amount of movement allowed by the joint Synarthroses (immovable) Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) Diarthroses (freely movable)

Joint classification pairings

Fibrous synarthroses Cartilaginous amphiarthroses Synovial diarthroses