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Bio 250 > Chp 12: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chp 12: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Main regions of adult brain

A

Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus) retina
Brain stem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

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2
Q

Adult neural canal regions (ventricles)

A

Lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal

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3
Q

Major lobes of cerebrum

A 
Frontal lobe (1)
Parietal lobes (2)
Temporal lobes (2)
Occipital lobes (1)
insula
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4
Q

Gyrus/gyri

A

Elevated ridges of tissue

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5
Q

Sulcus/sulci

A

Shallow grooves

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6
Q

Fissures

A

Deeper grooves that separate large regions of brain

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7
Q

Median longitudinal fissure

A

separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

Transverse cerebral fissure

A

separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum below

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9
Q

Lateralization of hemisphere function

A

Each hemiphere of the brain has abilities not completely shared by its partner

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10
Q

Sylvian/Lateral fissure

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobes from temoral lobe

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11
Q

Cerebrum

A

83% of brain mass
2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
1. superficial cortex of gray matter
2. internal white matter
3. basal nuclei (islands of gray matter, deep within white matter)

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outermost layer of gray matter

makes up superficial aspect + functional areas of the cerebrum, contains 70% of the neurons of CNS

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13
Q

Functional areas of cerebral cortex

A

Motor, sensory, association

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14
Q

Functional areas of cerebral cortex: motor

A

control voluntary movement

precise, skilled voluntary movements

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15
Q

Functional areas of cerebral cortex: sensory areas

A

conscious awareness of sensation

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16
Q

Functional areas of cerebral cortex: association areas

A

integrate diverse information

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17
Q

Cerebral white matter: Commissures/commissural fibers

A

connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres, allow 2 hemispheres to function as coordinated whole
Largest commissure is corpus callosum

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18
Q

Cerebral white matter: Association fibers

A

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

connect adjacent gyri or connect different cortical lobes

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19
Q

Cerebral white matter: Projection fibers

A

Tie cortex to rest of the nervous system and to the body’s receptors and effectors
Run vertically

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20
Q

Basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

A

Collection of nuclei deep to white matter of cerebral cortex
Control autonomic movements of skeletal muscles and help regulate muscle tone
caudate nucleus, globus pallidus,putamen

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21
Q

Diencephalon

A

paired structure, between brain stem and cerebral hemispheres
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

22
Q

Thalamus

A

part of diencephalon

central relay station of all sensory impulses except olfactory senses to cortex

23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

part of diencephalon
controls autonomic functions, produces hormones, regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, swallowing reflexes, pituitary secretions

24
Q

Epithalamus

A

part of diencephalon

has pineal body, regulates circadian rhythm

25
Brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
26
Brain stem: midbrain
"bridge" pons to diencephalon motor impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum and spinal cord superior colliculus: visual, auditory, somatosensory stimuli inferior colliculus: processing auditory info cerebral peduncles: clusters of motor and sensory fibers substantia nigra: helps control subconscious muscle activity
27
Brain stem: pons
Somatic and visceral motor control, white fiber tracts ascend and descend pneumotaxic and apneustic areas: help control respiration nuclei and tracts linking cerebellum with brain stem, cerebrum and spinal cord contains nuclei for cranial nerves V to VIII
28
Brain stem: medulla oblongata
Brain-spinal cord communication Regulates autonomic functions Cardio-respiratory center
29
Decussation of pyramid
Crossing over of motor tracts in medulla | R brain controls L side of body
30
Cerebellum
Compares intended movements to actual movements to smooth and coordinate complex, skilled movements Regulates posture and balance Cognition and language processing and problem solving Arbor vitae = tree of life = white matter
31
Limbic System
A functional group involved in emotion, motivation, and emotional association with memory Amygdala: aggression and fear Cingulate gyrus: heart rate, BP, cognitive Hippocampus: long term memories Hypothalamus: ANS (hormone) Mammillary bodies: formation of memory Orbitofrontal cortex: decision making
32
What protects the brain?
Cranial bones Cerebrospinal fluid Cranial meninges
33
Cranial meninges
Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater subdural space, subarachnoid space NO epidural space around brain
34
3 dural septa
extend inward and limit excessive movement of brain falx cerebri: between cerebral hemispheres tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebrum from cerebellum falx cerebelli: seperates 2 cerebellar hemispheres
35
Cerebrospinal Fluid
clear, colorless fluid cushions delicate brain tissues optimal ionic concentrations for AP transports (highly selective) glucose, proteins, ions and wastes
36
Choroid plexus
specialized ependymal cells + capillaries secerete CSF into ventricles ~500 ml of CSF per day
37
4 Ventricles
For storage and recirculation of CSF 2 lateral ventricles separated by septum pellucidum 3rd ventricle: btwn right and left halves of thalamus 4th ventricle: btwn brain stem and cerebellum
38
Blood Brain Barrier
Protective mechanism that helps maintain stable environment for brain Astrocytes supply signals to endothelial cells, causing them to make tight junctions
39
Parkinson's Disease
Damage to basal ganglia, degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons of substantia nigra tremor, rigidity, involuntary muscle movements
40
Alzheimer's Disease
Progressive degenerative disease of brain, resulting in dementia Formation of senile plaques between neurons
41
Hydrocephaly
water in the brain Blockage of drainage of CSF (tumor, inflammation, developmental malformation, meningitis, hemorrhage or injury) Drain CSF by shunting to veins of neck/abdomen
42
Spinal cord
From foramen magnum to L2 Regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal 31 pairs of spinal nerves Not uniform in diameter (cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement)
43
Conus medullaris
tapered inferior end of spinal cord | ends btwn L1 and L2
44
Cauda equina
Origin of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from conus medullaris
45
Meninges (spinal cord)
Dura mater: outermost Arachnoid mater: thin and wispy Pia mater: bound tightly to surface, forms filum terminale (anchors spinal cord to coccyx) and forms dentriculate ligaments that attach spinal cord to dura
46
Epidural space (spinal cord)
Filled with fat and network of veins
47
Subdural space (spinal cord)
Serous fluid
48
Subarachnoid space
Filled with CSF
49
Spinal Cord
Grey matter in its core, white matter outside
50
Flaccid paralysis
Caused by severe damage to ventral root or ventral horns | Nerve impulses do not reach the muscles served, they cannot move. Without stimulation, they atrophy
51
Spastic paralysis
Caused when only the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged Spinal motor neurons remain intact, spinal reflex activity continues to stimulate muscles irregularly
52
Reticular formation
Extends through brain stem, keeps cortex alert via reticular activating system and dampening familiar, repetitive, or weak sensory inputs

Bio 250 (24 decks)

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