chp 8

Question 1

what is metabolism

Answer 1

chemical reactions in a cell

Question 2

what is energy

Answer 2

the ability to do work

Question 3

what is thermodynamics

Answer 3

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

Question 4

what is an autotroph

Answer 4

an organism that makes their own food

Question 5

what is a heterotroph

Answer 5

an organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes (also called consumer)

Question 6

what is the chloroplast

Answer 6

organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Question 7

what is the mitochondria

Answer 7

organelle that is the cite of ATP production; powerhouse of the cell

Question 8

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred

Question 9

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 9

energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy

Question 10

what is photosynthesis

Answer 10

the process by which plants and some other use light energy and use it to convert H2O and CO2 into food

Question 11

what is cellular respiration

-what does it do

Answer 11

• process that releases energy

- breaks down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Question 12

glucose

Answer 12

C6H12O6

Question 13

what is ATP

Answer 13

main energy source that cells use for most of their work (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 14

what is ATP synthase

Answer 14

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind a phosphate group with ADP to create ATP (ADP + P = ATP)

Question 15

what is a thylakoid

-what does it do

Answer 15

• a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast

- used to convert light energy into chemical energy

Question 16

what is the stroma

Answer 16

fluid portion of the chloroplast outside of the thylakoids

Question 17

what are pigments

- what do they do

Answer 17

• colored chemical compounds

- absorb light

Question 18

what is chlorophyll

Answer 18

green pigment in plants that absorb light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Question 19

what are carotenoids

Answer 19

absorb blue/green parts of the visible spectrum therefore making them appear yellow or red

Question 20

what is NADP+

-what does it do

Answer 20

• carrier molecule

- transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

Question 21

what is chemiosmosis

Answer 21

a process for synthesizing ATP using energy from an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

Question 22

what is the Calvin Cycle

Answer 22

-light-independent reactions of photosynthesis where light energy from ATP and NADH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

Question 23

what is the electron transport chain

-what does it do

Answer 23

-process that uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP

Question 24

what is the Krebs Cycle

-what happens during it

Answer 24

• second stage of cellular respiration

- pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Question 25

what is aerobic respiration

Answer 25

respiration that requires oxygen

Question 26

what is anaerobic respiration

Answer 26

respiration that doesn't require oxygen

Question 27

what are C4 plants | -what does the end product do

Answer 27

- plants where reactions turn CO2 into 4 carbon compounds. | - end product supplies CO2 for Calvin cycle.

Question 28

what are CAM plants - what do they use - what happens to them

Answer 28

- plant that uses Crassulacean Acid Metabolism(adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions) - CO2 enters stromata during the night and is converted into organic acids which release CO2 for the Calvin Cycle in the day while the stromata is closed

Question 29

what is rubisco | -what does it perform

Answer 29

- most abundant protein on earth. | - performs carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle

Question 30

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) - what is it - what happens to it

Answer 30

- metabolite | - oxidized during glycolysis and reduced during the Calvin Cycle

Question 31

FADH2 | - what does it do

Answer 31

-directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at lowest energy level

Question 32

glycolysis - what does it do - what does it produce

Answer 32

- breaks down carbs and glucose through reactions to pyruvic acid or lactic acid - energy in the form of ATP

Question 33

fermentation - what does it do - what does it produce

Answer 33

- makes limited amount of ATP from glucose without electron transport chain - produces lactic acid or ethyl alcohol

Question 34

pyruvate

Answer 34

3 carbon compound that forms as end product of glycolysis

Question 35

alcoholic fermentation

Answer 35

anaerobic process where Pyruvic acid -> CO2 ethyl alcohol carried out by yeast

Question 36

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 36

folds in the mitochondria enclosed in the inner membrane that contain enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle

Question 37

acetyl CoA - what is it - what is it formed from

Answer 37

- entry compound for the citric acid cycle(Krebs Cycle) | - formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Question 38

mitochondrial cristae

Answer 38

liquid part of the mitochondria that increase surface area

Question 39

ATP production in glycolysis

Answer 39

2 atp in, 4 atp out (net production of 2 atp)

Question 40

two main parts of CR

Answer 40

- glycolysis | - aerobic respiration