S2 Exam Bio Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
what is the gland the secretes oil to waterproof bird feathers called?
A
preen gland
2
Q
what organ prevents fish from floating
A
swim bladder
3
Q
what bird organ crushes up their food?
A
gizzard
4
Q
which type of bird feather provide insulation
A
down feathers
5
Q
how many chambers does a birds heart have?
A
4
6
Q
what type of fertilization do birds do?
A
internal
7
Q
what organ do snakes use to sense smell from their mouths?
A
Jacobsens organ
8
Q
what type of toes do lizards have
A
clawed toes
9
Q
what is the dorsal part of a turtles shell called?
A
carapace
10
Q
what is the ventral part of a turtles shell called?
A
plastron
11
Q
what two functions do feathers have?
A
- insulation
2. flight
12
Q
feathers that cover the birds tail, body, and wings
A
contour feathers
13
Q
birds have a large cerebellum in order to…
A
coordinate movement and balance during flight
14
Q
what do birds do to their eggs?
A
incubate
15
Q
classes of vertebrates (5)
A
- birds
- fish
- amphibians
- reptiles
- mammals
16
Q
what are the 4 types of fish scales
A
- ctenoid
- cycloid
- placoid
- ganoid
17
Q
how many chambers do fish have in their hearts
A
2
18
Q
what is the filtering unit in fishes kidneys that helps maintain the salt and water balance and remove cellular waste from the fish’s blood?
A
nephron
19
Q
what helps the fish maintain balance and detects the slightest movements in water?
A
lateral line system
20
Q
3 classes of fish
A
- jawless / agnatha
- cartilaginous / Chondrichthyes
- bony / osteichthyes
21
Q
What organ in birds reabsorbs water from uric acid?
A
cloaca
22
Q
feathers are made of
A
keratin
23
Q
what do snakes use for hearing?
A
jaw bones
24
Q
in a bird, what organ does oxygenated air move into from the trachea?
A
air sacs
25
what is selective breeding?
process by which desired traits of certain plants
and animals are selected and passed on to their
future generations
26
what is hybridization
breeding an animal or a plant with another species of animal or plant, usually to achieve better traits
27
what is inbreeding
The process in which two closely related
organisms are bred to have the desired traits
and to eliminate the undesired ones in future
generations
28
how are pure breeds maintained?
by inbreeding
29
what is genetic engineering
Technology that involves manipulating
the DNA of one organism in order to insert
the DNA of another organism, called
exogenous DNA
30
what is exogenous DNA
DNA that is inserted into another organisms DNA
31
what is a genome
total DNA in the nucleus of each cell
32
what are restriction enzymes
enzymes that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and split the DNA within the sequence
33
what is gel electrophoresis
An electric current is used to separate DNA
| fragments according to the size of the fragments
34
what is recombinant DNA
The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from
| different sources
35
what are plasmids
small circular molecules found in bacteria
36
what is DNA cloning
production of identical DNA sequences
37
what is DNA fingerprinting
the separation of DNA fragments to observe distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual
38
what are fossils
fossils are remains of previously living organisms, such as bones, imprints, or amber encapsulation
39
what is the geologic time scale
a model that expresses the major geological and biological events in Earths history
40
what is the cambrian explosion
a sudden increase and appearance of different organisms during the cambrian period
41
what is relative dating
method of determining the age of rocks by comparing them to rocks of other layers
42
what is radioactive dating
uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to measure a rocks age
43
what is a half-life
length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
44
what is the law of superposition?
principle that states rock layers farther below are older than rock layers higher up
45
what is the theory of biogenesis
theory that states only living organisms can produce other living organisms
46
what is spontaneous generation
the idea that life arises from nonlife
47
who created the theory of spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi
48
Who created the theory of biogenesis?
Louis Pasteur
49
what is Oparins hypothesis?
It suggests that life gradually came to be through inorganic substances
50
Hardy Weinberg equation:
p+q=1 / p^2+2pq+q^2=1
51
What is the Hardy Weinberg principle?
states that when allelic frequencies remain constant, a population is in genetic equilibrium
52
what is the shortest geologic time?
epoch
53
what is the longest geologic time?
eon
54
Photosynthetic bacteria
cyanobacteria
55
what did the Miller-Urey experiment show?
that organic molecules could be made from inorganic compounds
56
what is lifes first coding system
RNA
57
what are the first cells on earth
prokaryotes
58
what current prokaryotes are the closest relatives to the first prokaryotes
archaea
59
what is chemosynthesis?
the turning of molecules and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds as energy
60
what is photosynthesis?
the turning of sunlight into sugars which then emits oxygen
61
what is the endosymbiont theory?
a theory that explains that the ancestors of eukaryotes once lived in association with prokaryotes, and the prokaryotes became organelles in eukaryotes.
62
what type of prokaryotes became mitochondria?
aerobic
63
what type of prokaryotes became chloroplasts?
photosynthetic
64
what is the name of darwins boat
HMS Beagle
65
what is the place of where most of darwins knowledge came from
Galapagos
66
the study of deciphering different animals around the world
biogeography
67
what is the title of darwins book
the origin of life OR the origin of species by means of natural selection
68
what is natural selection
the better fit are more likely to survive
69
what are derived traits
newly evolved features that do not appear in the
| fossils of common ancestors
70
what are ancestral traits
more primitive features that do appear in
| ancestral forms
71
what are vestigial structures
structures that are from ancestors but have no purpose for current organisms
72
what are homologous structures
Anatomically similar structures inherited from
| a common ancestor
73
analogous structures.
can be used for the same
purpose and can be superficially similar in
construction, but are not inherited from a
common ancestor.
74
divergent evolution
organisms from a common ancestor diverge and form more traits specific to them (ex. a mammoth and an elephant come from a common ancestor)
75
adaptive radiation
one species gives rise to many different species in response to the creation of new habitat or some other ecological opportunity
76
artificial selection
darwins term for selective breeding
77
genetic drift
A change in the allelic frequencies in a
| population that is due to chance
78
stabilizing selection
eliminate extreme expressions of a trait when the average expression leads to higher fitness.
79
disruptive selection
a process that splits a population into two groups.
80
directional selection
makes an organism more fit for survival
81
what are the types of reproductive isolation (2)
- prezygotic
| - postzygotic
82
prezygotic isolation
prevents reproduction by making fertilization unlikely
83
postzygotic isolation
occurs when fertilization
has occurred but a hybrid offspring cannot
develop or reproduce (ex. a tiger and lions offspring cannot reproduce)
84
geographic isolation
physical structures separate members of a population (ex. river, cliff, etc)
85
punctuated equilibrium
rapid spurts of genetic change causing species to diverge quickly. (ex. a cheeta cub suddenly born without spots)
86
gradualism
the gradual genetic change in species (ex. A butterfly starts off yellow but over time its descendants become orange)
87
who created binomial nomenclature
Linnaeus
88
what is classification
the organizing of species
89
what is binomial nomenclature
a naming system of species where the first part of the name is the genus name and the second part is the name specific to the species
90
name all taxas (8)
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
91
what are taxa
named group of organisms
92
what is a genus
group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor
93
name everything included in the kingdom (6)
- (b)acteria
- (a)rchaea
- (p)rotists
- (f)ungi
- (a)nimalia
- (p)lantae
remember it by bapfap
94
what are the domains (3)
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya
95
what is apart of kingdom archaea? (3)
- thermoacidophiles
- halophiles
- methanogens
96
thermoacidophiles
live in hot, acidic environments
97
halophiles
live in extremely salty environments
98
methanogens
live without oxygen
99
lytic cycle
The host cell makes many copies of the
| viral RNA or DNA.
100
lysogenic cycle
Viral DNA inserts, or integrates into a
| chromosome in a host cell.
101
virus
non living strand of genetic material with a protein coat
102
retrovirus
virus that have RNA instead of DNA for genetic material
103
what are the 3 prokaryote shapes?
- cocci (circle)
- bacilli (rod shaped)
- spirochete (spiral)
