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Psychology > chp.10 > Flashcards

chp.10 Flashcards

1
Q

4 steps from data collection to sumamry:

A

Collect the data

Deal with data errors/omissions

Reduce data to manageable size

Develop summaries

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2
Q

what is data?

A

collective units of information from a subject or case
measured by a data collector following consistent
procedures

raw and unprocessed

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3
Q

what does consistency make data?

A

verifiable, but not necessarily truthful

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4
Q

2 types of data

A

primary
secondary

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5
Q

primary data

A

data the research collects to address the specific
problem at hand

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6
Q

secondary data

A

originally collected to address a problem other than the
one which require the manager’s attention at the
moment

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7
Q

6 dimensions of data quality

A

accuracy
consistency
validity
completeness
uniqueness
integrity

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8
Q

accuracy

A

the level to which data represents the real-world scenario and confirms with a verifiable source

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9
Q

consistency

A

represents if the same information stored and used at multiple instances matches.
Expressed as the percent of matched values across various records.

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10
Q

validity

A

signifies that the value attributes are available for aligning with the specific domain or requirement.

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11
Q

completeness

A

measures if the data is sufficient to deliver meaningful inferences and decisions

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12
Q

uniqueness

A

indicates if it is a single recorded instance in the data set used. Ensures no duplication or
overlaps.

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13
Q

integrity

A

indicates that the attributes are maintained correctly, even as data gets stored and used in
diverse systems. Ensures that all enterprise data can be traced and connected.

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14
Q

measurement

A

assigning numbers to empirical events, objects or properties, or activities in compliance with a set of rules.

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15
Q

what’s a mapping rule

A

scheme for assigning numbers to aspects of an empirical event

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16
Q

4 most used classifications of measurement

A

nominal - male or female
ordinal - low/middle/high income
interval - 13 degrees
ratio - defined 0 point eg lbs or $

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17
Q

4 characteristics of mapping rules

A

classification
order
distance
origin

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18
Q

classification

A

numbers are used to group or sort responses.

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19
Q

order

A

numbers are ordered. One number is greater than, less than, or equal to another number.

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20
Q

distance

A

differences between numbers can be measured.

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21
Q

origin

A

the number series has a unique origin indicated by the number zero.

22
Q

:)

A

:)

23
Q

nominal

A

Mutually Exclusive

Collectively Exhaustive
Categories

Classification Only

24
Q

ordinal

A

Nominal Scale
Characteristics

+ Order

Conforms to logical
postulate (> or <)

25
Q

interval

A

Ordinal Scale
Characteristics

Equality of interval

Equality of distance
between numbers

26
Q

ratio

A

Interval Scale
Characteristics

Absolute Zero

27
Q

Recoding

A

Adjust variable after data collection

Apply new mapping rules

Only REDUCE variable power

Less powerful statistical analysis

28
Q

4 sources of error

A

participant
situation
measurer
instrument

29
Q

participant error

A

Opinion differences that affect measurement come from relatively stable characteristics of
the participant.

30
Q

situation error

A

Any condition that places a strain on the interview or measurement session.

31
Q

measurer error

A

The interviewer can distort responses by rewording, paraphrasing, or reordering
questions.

Stereotypes in appearance and action.

Careless mechanical processing.

32
Q

instrument error

A

A defective instrument can cause distortion by being too confusing and ambiguous and not
all-encompassing.

33
Q

3 characteristics of good measurement

A

valid
reliable
practical

34
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test measures what we wish to measure.

35
Q

reliability

A

refers to the accuracy and precision of a measurement procedure.

36
Q

practicality

A

concerned with a wide range of factors of economy, convenience, and
interpretability.

37
Q

what does this tell us

A

WITHOUT RELIABILITY YOU CANNOT HAVE VALIDITY…

you can be reliable and not valid - You can consistently measure the wrong thing

38
Q

A measure is reliable to the degree that it…

A

…supplies consistent results

39
Q

Reliable instruments are…

A

robust and work well under different times and different conditions

40
Q

The distinction of time and condition is the basis for three perspectives on reliability…

A

stability
equivalence
internal consistency

41
Q

measures: stability

A

secure consistent results with repeated
measurements of the same person with the same instrument.

42
Q

how to test for stability

A

test-retest, a correlation will tell you how stable something is

43
Q

Internal consistency is a characteristic of an instrument…

A

…in which the items are homogeneous.

44
Q

equivalence is concerned with…

A

…variations at one point in time among observers and samples of
items.

45
Q

equivalence can be seen if…

A

…we get a few observers to score or observe one event, and see how similar they all are

46
Q

scientific requirements

A

measurements to be reliable and valid

47
Q

operational requirements

A

measurements to be practical

48
Q

practicality means we consider: (3 things)

A

economy
convenience
interpretability

49
Q

how does a measuring device pass the convenience test?

A

if it’s easy to administer

50
Q

why is interprebility important?

A

for when people other than the test designer want to assess results/data/info

Psychology (20 decks)

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