CHPT 18: the brain Flashcards
1
Q
what protects the brain
A
- csf
- bbb
- cranial bones
- meninges
2
Q
what structure of the dura mater returns blood to internal jugular veins
A
dural sinuses
3
Q
which meninges layer is avascular and the outermost
A
dura mater
4
Q
arachnoid mater structures
A
- archnoid viilus
- subarchnoid
5
Q
which arachnoid mater structure allows exchange of css
A
archnoid viilus
6
Q
where does csf circulate in the arachnoid
A
subarachnoid
7
Q
name of dura mater extension
A
falx
8
Q
function of falx cerebri
A
separate the 2 hemispheres
9
Q
which falx separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
A
falx cerebelli
10
Q
function of tentorium cerebelli
A
separate cerebrum from cerebellum
11
Q
what glial cells are used in the creation of the bbb
A
astrocytes
12
Q
what is the bbb permeable to
A
- o2
- glucose
- co2
- anesthics drugs
13
Q
can proteins, antibiotics, pathogens and other harmful substances cross the bbb?
A
no
14
Q
how is csf produced
A
-walls of ventricles lined by chorioid plexus that have ependymal cells
15
Q
mechanical protection of csf
A
- absorbs shock
- allow brain to float
16
Q
chemical protection of csf
A
creates optimal chemical environment for ap
17
Q
what takes away metallic wastes away from brain and carries nutrients towards the brain
A
csf circualtion
18
Q
what centres represent the medulla
A
- cardiovascular centre
- vasomotor centre
- medullary respiratory centre
19
Q
function of cardiovascular centre
A
regulates rate and force of heart beat and bv diameters
20
Q
arteriole constriction or elevating BP is the function of
A
vasomotor centre in medulla
21
Q
medullary respiratory centre function
A
- adjust basic rhythms of breathing
- sneezing, coughing, swelling, vomiting
22
Q
structures of medulla
A
- inferior olivary nucleus
- gracile and cuneate nuclei
- decussation of pyramide
23
Q
where do tracts of white matter cross in the medulla
A
decussation of pyramide
24
Q
function of gracile and cuneate nuclei
A
associated with touch, pressure, vibrations and proprioception
25
which medulla structure relays info abt proprioception in joints and muscles to the cerebellum
inferior olivary nucleus
26
function of ventral (pontine nuclei) pons
help control breathing
27
what brain stem structure connects the R and L cerebellum
dorsal regions of pons
28
function of midbrain
carry / conduct info from lower parts of the brain/ spc to higher cortex
29
extensions of the midbrain
- superior and inferior colliculi
- substania nigra
- red nuclei
30
function of superior colliculi
- visual info reflexes, tracking movement of eyeball, head, and neck, in response to visual stimuli
31
function of inferior colliculi
- auditory info pathway, relays info to thalamus
32
substance nigra function
- controls involuntary subconscious activity
| - produces dopamine
33
what midbrain structure is lost In PD patients
substance nigra
34
red nuclei function
controls muscular movements
35
structures of cerebellum
- arbor vitae
- folia
- vermis
- anterior and posterior lobe
- cerebellar pedulla
- flocculondor lobe
- cerebellar nuclei
36
name of tracts of white matter in cerebellum
arbor vitae
37
vermis function
- separates cerebellum lobes
38
what region of grey mater gives rise to axons in cerebellum
cerebelar nuclei
39
anterior and posterior lobe of cerebellum function
- govern subconscious aspects of skeletal muscles
40
what cerebellum structure transmits info abt balance to other parts of the Brain
cerebellar pedulla
41
flocculondor lobe function
equilibrium and balance
42
structures in the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
43
function of thalamus
- relay station of sensory impulses
- transmit info from cerebellum to basal ganglia to primary motor cortex
- relays autonomic actives (peristalsis)
44
structures of the hypothalamus
- the mammary region
| - the tuberal region
45
which region of the hypothalamus is the relay station for sense of smell
the mammary region
46
the tuberal region function
- connects hypothalamus to pg to release hormones
47
what region of the diencephalon houses the pineal gland
epithalamus
48
pineal gland function
- sleep cycle, releases melatonin (released more in dark)
49
structure of habenuclar nuclei
- olfaction and emotional receptors
50
structure of cerebrum
- gyris
- sucli
- fissure
51
how many lobes of the cerebrum are there
5 lobes
52
structures of the cerebral white matter
- association tracts
- commissural tracts
- projection tracts
53
association tracts functions
- carries ap from one part of the cerebrum to the same side
54
commissural tracts functions
- carries ap from one part of cerebrum to another
55
projection tracts functions
- carries ap from one part of the cerebrum to lower parts of CNs
or to CNS to cerebrum
56
functional areas of cerebrum
- motor areas
- sensory areas
- association areas
57
areas in the motor area
- primary motor area
| - motor speech aka brocas area
58
function of primary motor area
- control voluntary skeletal muscle activity
59
function of motor speech aka brocas area
- regulates patterns for breathing
| - controls muscular movement necessary for speech production
60
areas in the sensory area
- primary somatosensory
- primary visual
- primary gustatory
- primary olfaction area
- primary auditory
61
primary somatosensory area function
receives and processes sensory info
62
association area, areas
- somatosensory association area
- visual as
- auditory as
- wernickes area
- integrative area
63
overall function of sensory area
- receive and process info
64
overall function of association areas
- in depth understating about sensory info
| - recognizes textures, colour, music vs speech
65
function of wernickes area
- recognizes, understand and comprehension spoken or written language
66
function of intergrative area
- integrates all sensory, visual, and auditory info
| - smelling food hungriness, noticing time
67
function of limbic system
- feeling all sorts of emotions
- extreme pain or pleasures
- socio-sexual behaviours
- smell + memory
68
where do CN 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 originate from
medulla
69
what CN originate from the forebrain
CN 1 and 2
70
CN 3 and 4 originate from
midbrain
71
what CN originate from the pons
CN 5, 6, 7
72
which CN nerves are sensory nerves
CN 1 - Olfactory nerve
CN 2 - Optic nerve
CN 8 - vestibulocochlear nerve
73
```
CN 3 - Oculolomotor nerve
CN 4 - Trochlear nerve
CN 6 - Abducens nerve
CN 11 - Accessory nerve
CN 12 - Hypglossal nerve
are .....
```
motor nerve
74
which CN are mixed nerves
CN 5 - Trigeminal nerve
CN 7 - Facial nerve
CN 9 - Glossopharynheal nerve
CN 10 - Vagus nerve
75
what innervates the olfactory epithelium and takes that info to the brain for interpretation
CN 1 - Olfactory nerve
76
location of CN 2 - Optic nerve
in retina
77
what CN innervates extrinsic/ lateral eye muscles and controls activity of muscles
CN 3 - Oculolomotor nerve
78
location of CN 4 - Trochlear nerve
superior oblique extrinsic muscles
79
what nerves innervates the face and head (sensory) and the temporalis (motor)
CN 5 - Trigeminal nerve
80
location of CN 6 - Abducens nerve + function
eye muscles, moves eyeball laterally
81
what CN nerve innervates the face (motor) and taste buds (sensory)
CN 7 - Facial nerve
82
sensory function of CN 7 - Facial nerve
-receives input from taste respecters and take info to brain
83
location of CN 8 - vestibulocochlear nerve + function
- cochlea and semi circular canals + takes auditory info to brain
84
what CN innervates pharynx (motor) and taste buds (sensory)
CN 9 - Glossopharynheal nerve
85
location of CN 10 - Vagus nerve (motor)
- pharynx
- larynx
- thoracic and abdominal organs
86
location of CN 10 - Vagus nerve (sensory)
- taste buds on tongue
- pharynx
- thoracic and abdominal organs
87
what CN innervates muscles of larynx, pharynx, soft plate and shoulder neck
CN 11 - Accessory nerve
88
function of CN 11 - Accessory nerve
flex or extend muscles
89
location of CN 12 - Hypoglossal nerve + function
tongue, move the tongue
