Chpt 3 (Ethics of Behavioral Research) PSY302 Flashcards
(39 cards)
Explain Milgram’s experiment
study the obedience to authority
Volunteers were told they would be participating in a study on the effects of punishment on learning.
Each would administer punishment (electric shock) to a learner who was actually a confederate of the experimenter
What were the results of the Milgram experiment?
Appproximately 65% of the participants continued to deliver shocks to the highest level
The results challenged many of our beliefs abt our ability to resist authority, but the study is also an important example when discussing ethics in behavioral research
Def: The Nuremberg Code.
was a set of 10 rules of medical research conduct developed in response to Nazi research atrocities.
The Declaration of Helsinki __________ on the Nuremberg Code in ‘64 & required journal editors to ensure published research was compliant.
expanded
What are the 3 basic ethical principles of the Belmont Report?
- Principle of Beneficence
- Principle of Respect for Persons (Autonomy)
- Principle of Justice
Def: principle of Beneficence
research should confer benefits, with minimal risks, as determined by a risk-benefit analysis
Def: principle of Respect for Persons/Autonomy
Participants are treated as autonomous & can exercise informed consent.
Def: principle of justice
the benefits & risks of research should be allocated airly when selecting research subjects. refers to the fairness & equity; that all persons are entitled to access & benefit from the contributions of psych & equal quality in processes, procedures, & services.
Def: APA ethics code
periodically amended & applies to psychologist in their many roles
What are the 5 general principles of Conduct?
- As in the Belmont Report, the principle of beneficence refers to the need for research to maximize benefits & minimize any possible harmful effects of participation.
- The Principle of Fidelity & Responsibility
- The principle of Integrity
- The principle of justice
- The Principle of Respect for persons
Def: the principle of fidelity & responsibility
that psychologists must establish relationships of trust & be aware of their responsibilities to society & to be specific communities in which they work.
Def: the principle of Integrity
that psychologists must seek to promote accuracy, honesty, & truthfulness, & they don’t steal, cheat, or engage in fraud, subterfuge or intentional misrepresentation of fact.
Def: The principle of respect for persons
Psychologists respect the dignity & worth of all ppl, & the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, & self-determination
They are aware that special safeguards might be necessary to protect the rights & welfare of some ppl or communities whose vulnerability impair autonomous decision making.
They are aware of the many diffs among ppl & consider these factors with an eye to eliminating the effect of biases on their work.
The principle of beneficence leads us to __________ potential risks & _________ of research - to perform a risk-benefit analysis
examine, benefits
Def: privacy (behavioral research)
refers to the participants’ ability to maintain control of the info they provide & behaviors observed.
Def: Informed consent
the idea that potential participants in research should be provided with info that might influence their active decision to participate.
What should every Informed consent form cover?
Purpose of the research
Procedures that will be used
Risks & benefits
Any compensation
Confidentiality
Voluntary participation & permission to withdraw
Contact info for questions
What to do when you need to make a Informed consent form?
Form is printed in no smaller than 11pt small ass font
Form is free of technical jargon and written at 6th-8th grade level
Form is not written in the 1st person.
Contact info is provided for questions abt the study (usually phone and email contacts for the researcher, faculty advisor, & the institutional review board office).
What should you also include while you describe your study?
Explanation for the purposes of the research in clear language
Expected duration of the subject’s participation
Description of the procedures
What does every description of benefits & risks need to have?
Description of any reasonably foreseeable risks or discomforts & safeguards to minimize the risks
Description of any benefits to the individual or to others that might reasonably be expected from the research
Description of the extent, if any, to which confidentiality or record identifying the individual will be maintained
If applicable, a disclosure of appropriate alternative procedures or courses of treatment, if any, that might be advantageous to the person.
What needs to be included in your Request for Consent?
Statement that participants are being asked to participate in a research study.
Statement that participation is voluntary; refusal to participate will involve no penalty or loss of benefits to which the subject is otherwise entitled, & the subject might discontinue participation at any time without penalty for loss of benefits to which the person is otherwise entitled.
If an incentive is offered, a description of the incentive & requirement to obtain it; also, a description of the impact of a decision to discontinue participation
Def: assent
an agreement by a minor in which the written consent form is signed by a parent or guardian
Withholding some info from participants is generally _________ when the research is designed as minimal risk, the info would _____ affect the decision to participate, and the info will be provided later
acceptable, not
Def: deception (behavioral research)
Actively misrepresenting info abt the nature of a study
