Chpters 4&5

Question 1

self psychology

Answer 1

A theory that emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.

Question 2

libido

Answer 2

The instinctual drives of the id and the source of psychic energy; Freudian notion of the life instincts.

Question 3

life instincts

Answer 3

Instincts oriented toward growth, development, and creativity that serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race

Question 4

death instincts

Answer 4

A Freudian concept that refers to a tendency of individuals to harbor an unconscious wish to die or hurt themselves or others; accounts for the aggressive drive.

Question 5

id

Answer 5

The part of personality, present at birth, that is blind, demanding, and insistent. Its function is to discharge tension and return to homeostasis.

Question 6

ego

Answer 6

The part of the personality that is the mediator between external reality and inner demands.

Question 7

superego

Answer 7

That aspect of personality that represents one’s moral training. It strives for perfection, not pleasure.

Question 8

pleasure principle

Answer 8

The idea that the id is driven to satisfy instinctual needs by reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure.

Question 9

reality principle

Answer 9

The idea that the ego does realistic and logical thinking and formulates plans of action for satisfying needs.

Question 10

unconscious

Answer 10

That aspect of psychological functioning or of personality that houses experiences, wishes, impulses, and memories in an out-of-awareness state as a protection against anxiety.

Question 11

Anxiety

Answer 11

A feeling of impending doom that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experiences emerging to the surface of awareness. From a psychoanalytic perspective, there are three kinds of anxiety: reality, neurotic, and moral anxiety.

Question 12

Reality anxiety

Answer 12

The fear of danger from the external world; the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat.

Question 13

Neurotic anxiety

Answer 13

The fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished.

Question 14

Moral anxiety

Answer 14

The fear of one’s own conscience; people with a well-developed conscience tend to feel guilty when they do something contrary to their moral code.

Question 15

Ego-defense mechanisms

Answer 15

Intrapsychic processes that operate unconsciously to protect the person from threatening and, therefore, anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, and impulses.

Question 16

Repression

Answer 16

The ego-defense mechanism whereby threatening or painful thoughts or feelings are excluded from awareness.

Question 17

Denial

Answer 17

In denial there is an effort to suppress unpleasant reality. It consists of coping with anxiety by “closing our eyes” to the existence of anxiety-producing reality.

Question 18

Reaction formation

Answer 18

A defense against a threatening impulse, involving actively expressing the opposite impulse.

Question 19

Projection

Answer 19

An ego-defense mechanism that involves attributing our own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and motives to others.

Question 20

Displacement

Answer 20

An ego-defense mechanism that entails redirection of some emotion from a real source to a substitute person or object.

Question 21

Rationalization

Answer 21

An ego-defense mechanism whereby we attempt to justify our behavior by imputing logical motives to it.

Question 22

Sublimation

Answer 22

An ego defense that involves diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels that are socially acceptable.

Question 23

Regression

Answer 23

An ego-defense mechanism whereby an individual reverts to a less mature form of behavior as a way of coping with extreme stress.

Question 24

Introjection

Answer 24

A process of taking in the values and standards of others.

Question 25

Compensation

Answer 25

An ego-defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations.

Question 26

Identification

Answer 26

As an ego defense, this may involve individuals identifying themselves with successful causes in the hope that they will be seen as worthwhile.

Question 27

psychosexual stages

Answer 27

The Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy. Each is characterized by a primary way of gaining sensual and sexual gratification.

Question 28

oral stage

Answer 28

The initial phase of psychosexual development, during which the mouth is the primary source of gratification; a time when the infant is learning to trust or mistrust the world.

Question 29

Anal stage

Answer 29

The second stage of psychosexual development, when pleasure is derived from retaining and expelling feces.

Question 30

phallic stage

Answer 30

The third phase of psychosexual development, during which the child gains maximum gratification through direct experience with the genitals.

Question 31

Psychosocial stages

Answer 31

Erikson’s turning points, from infancy through old age. Each presents psychological and social tasks that must be mastered if maturation is to proceed in a healthy fashion.

Question 32

crisis

Answer 32

According to Erikson, a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or to regress. At these turning points, we can either resolve our conflicts or fail to master the developmental task.

Question 33

Classical psychoanalysis

Answer 33

The traditional (Freudian) approach to psychoanalysis based on a long-term exploration of past conflicts, many of which are unconscious, and an extensive process of working through early wounds.

Question 34

id psychology

Answer 34

A theory stating that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal).

Question 35

Contemporary psychoanalysis

Answer 35

Newer formulations of psychoanalytic theory that share some core characteristics of classical analytic theory, but with different applications of techniques; extensions and adaptations of orthodox psychoanalysis.

Question 36

ego psychology

Answer 36

The psychosocial approach of Erik Erikson, which emphasizes the development of the ego or self at various stages of life.

Question 37

Latency stage

Answer 37

A period of psychosexual development, following the phallic stage, that is relatively calm before the storm of adolescence.

Question 38

Genital stage

Answer 38

The final stage of psychosexual development, usually attained at adolescence, in which heterosexual interests and activities are generally predominant.

Question 39

transference relationship

Answer 39

The transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a person’s present environment.

Question 40

free association

Answer 40

A primary technique, consisting of spontaneous and uncensored verbalization by the client, which gives clues to the nature of the client’s unconscious conflicts.

Question 41

working through

Answer 41

A process of resolving basic conflicts that are manifested in the client’s relationship with the therapist; achieved by the repetition of interpretations and by exploring forms of resistance.

Question 42

Psychodynamic therapy

Answer 42

Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy involves a shortening and simplifying of the lengthy process of psychoanalysis

Question 43

Transference

Answer 43

The client’s unconscious shifting to the therapist of feelings and fantasies, both positive and negative, that are displacements from reactions to significant others from the client’s past.

Question 44

relational analysis

Answer 44

An analytic model based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist. The interpersonal analyst assumes that countertransference is a source of information about the client’s character and dynamics.

Question 45

Maintaining the analytic framework

Answer 45

Refers to a range of procedures, such as an analyst’s anonymity, regularity, and consistency of meetings, as a structure for therapy. comparable to the feeding of an infant. consistent. reliable.

Question 46

Interpretation

Answer 46

A technique used to explore the meanings of free association, dreams, resistances, and transference feelings.

Question 47

Dream analysis

Answer 47

A technique for uncovering unconscious material and giving clients insight into some of their unresolved problems. Therapists participate with clients in exploring dreams and in interpreting possible meanings.

Question 48

Latent content

Answer 48

Our hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears.

Question 49

Manifest content

Answer 49

The dream as it appears to the dreamer.

Question 50

dream work

Answer 50

The process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into the less threatening manifest content.

Question 51

Resistance

Answer 51

The client’s reluctance to bring to awareness threatening unconscious material that has been repressed.

Question 52

analytical psychology

Answer 52

Jung- An elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion.

Question 53

individuation

Answer 53

The harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality.

Question 54

shadow

Answer 54

A Jungian archetype representing thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward.

Question 55

collective unconscious

Answer 55

From a Jungian perspective, the deepest level of the psyche that contains an accumulation of inherited experiences.

Question 56

archetypes

Answer 56

The images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious.

Question 57

persona

Answer 57

The mask we wear, or public face we present, as a way to protect ourselves.

Question 58

animus (anima)

Answer 58

The biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are thought to coexist in both sexes.

Question 59

Object-relations theory

Answer 59

A newer version of psychoanalytic thinking, which focuses on predictable developmental sequences in which early experiences of self shift in relation to an expanding awareness of others. It holds that individuals go through phases of autism, normal symbiosis, and separation and individuation, culminating in a state of integration.

Question 60

Object relations

Answer 60

Interpersonal relationships as they are represented intrapsychically

Question 61

relational model

Answer 61

A model that characterizes therapy as an interactive process between client and therapist in which countertransference provides an important source of information about the client’s character and dynamics.

Question 62

narcissistic personality

Answer 62

Characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitive attitude toward others, which serve the function of masking a frail self-concept.

Question 63

borderline personality disorder

Answer 63

A disorder characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsivity, and extreme mood shifts. Such people lack a sense of their own identity and do not have a deep understanding of others.

Question 64

Brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT)

Answer 64

An adaptation of the principles of psychoanalytic theory and therapy aimed at treating selective disorders within a preestablished time limit.

Question 65

time-limited dynamic psychotherapy

Answer 65

Through this form of psychoanalytically oriented therapy, clients gain a sense of what it is like to interact more fully and flexibly within the therapy situation. They are helped to apply to the outside world what they are learning in the office.

Question 66

inferiority feelings

Answer 66

The early determining force in behavior; the source of human striving and the wellspring of creativity. Humans attempt to compensate for both imagined and real inferiorities, which helps them overcome handicaps.

Question 67

Individual Psychology

Answer 67

Adler’s original name for his approach that stressed understanding the whole person, how all dimensions of a person are interconnected, and how all these dimensions are unified by the person’s movement toward a life goal.

Question 68

holistic concept

Answer 68

We cannot be understood in parts; all aspects of ourselves must be understood in relation to each other.

Question 69

fictional finalism

Answer 69

An imagined central goal that gives direction to behavior and unity to the personality; an image of what people would be like if they were perfect and perfectly secure.

Question 70

guiding self-ideal

Answer 70

Another term for fictional finalism, which represents an individual’s image of a goal of perfection.

Question 71

Lifestyle

Answer 71

The core beliefs and assumptions through which the person organizes his or her reality and finds meaning in life events. Our perceptions of self, others, and the world. Our characteristic way of thinking, acting, feeling, living, and striving toward long-term goals.

Question 72

Social interest

Answer 72

A sense of identification with humanity; a feeling of belonging; an interest in the common good.

Question 73

Community feeling

Answer 73

An individual’s awareness of being part of the human community. Community feeling embodies the sense of being connected to all humanity and to being committed to making the world a better place.

Question 74

Life Tasks

Answer 74

Universal problems in human life, including the tasks of friendship (community), work (a division of labor), and intimacy (love and marriage).

Question 75

Birth order

Answer 75

Adler identified five psychological positions from which children tend to view life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only. Actual birth order itself is less important than a person’s interpretation of his or her place in the family.

Question 76

basic mistakes

Answer 76

Faulty, self-defeating perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that may have been appropriate at one time but are no longer useful. These are myths that are influential in shaping personality.

Question 77

family constellation

Answer 77

The social and psychological structure of the family system; includes birth order, the individual’s perception of self, sibling characteristics and ratings, and parental relationships. Each person forms his or her unique view of self, others, and life through the family constellation.

Question 78

early recollections

Answer 78

Childhood memories (before the age of 9) of one-time events. People retain these memories as capsule summaries of their present philosophy of life. From a series of early recollections, it is possible to understand mistaken notions, present attitudes, social interests, and possible future behavior.

Question 79

lifestyle assessment

Answer 79

The process of gathering early memories, which involves learning to understand the goals and motivations of the client.

Question 80

private logic

Answer 80

Basic convictions and assumptions of the individual that underlie the lifestyle pattern and explain how behaviors fit together to provide consistency.

Question 81

Adlerian brief therapy

Answer 81

An intervention that is concise, deliberate, direct, efficient, focused, short-term, and purposeful.

Question 82

family atmosphere The climate of relationships among family members.

Question 82

subjective interview

Answer 82

The process whereby the counselor helps clients tell their life story as completely as possible.

Question 82

objective interview

Answer 82

Adlerians seek basic information about the client’s life as a part of the lifestyle assessment process.

Question 83

insight

Answer 83

A special form of awareness that facilitates a meaningful understanding within the therapeutic relationship and acts as a foundation for change.

Question 84

Interpretation

Answer 84

Understanding clients’ underlying motives for behaving the way they do in the here and now.

Question 85

goal alignment

Answer 85

A congruence between the client’s and the counselor’s goals and the collaborative effort of two persons working equally toward specific, agreed-on goals.

Question 86

Key figures in psychoanalytic theory

Answer 86

Freud, Erickson, Jung, Mahler