Final Exam Flashcards

Question

Person Centered Therapy 1940s

Answer 1

– non-directive counselling * Took power away from the counsellor and focus was on inherent power of the client * Caused great concern and outrage amongst some of the more traditionalist theorists * Focused mainly on reflecting and clarifying the clients’ communication

Answer 2

* 1951 – wrote “Client Centered Therapy” * Reflected more on client than ‘non-direct’ methods * Focused on clients’ internal frame of reference * Self-actualizing (becoming more aware of self) is the motivation that leads to client change

Answer 3

* 1961 – wrote “On Becoming a Person” * Focused on clients’ trust in one’s experience * Studied the qualities of the counselling relationship * Expanded his theory to education which became known as ‘student-centered’ teaching

Answer 4

* Considerable expansion to other domains than just counselling * Change of name to “person’ centered approach (PCT) * Each period showed a progression in his belief that the counsellor and client relationship was central to therapy

Answer 5

* Large influence on Carl Rogers * Proponent of humanistic psychology or relational psychology * Maslow criticized Freudian psychology for what he saw as pathologizing the client * Self-actualizing people - key belief * Self-actualizing people are self-aware, free, honest, caring, trusting and autonomous * A hierarchy of needs is the basis toward self-actualization

Answer 6

* Physiological needs * Belonging and Love * Safety needs (security and stability) * Self-esteem * Fun and Humor We achieve actualization as these basic needs are met. If we get stuck at any stage, we cannot get to the point of complete self-actualization

Answer 7

* Is a directional process of moving forward in one’s life – becoming a ‘whole’ person * Includes greater personal self-awareness, freedom, honesty, caring, and autonomy * Overall – being the person one wants to be and not living to the expectations of others

Answer 8

* Positive view of human nature * People have the inherent ability to change and live more happy lives * Relationships are the driver to this process

Answer 9

* The goal is to assist clients in their growth process so they can better cope with problems they identify * Clients come to realize that there are more authentic ways of being (and living) * How can I discover myself? * How can I become who I want to become? * How can I remove the masks and be me? * The client chooses their therapeutic goals

Answer 10

: you present yourself to people how you want them to see you. Perhaps not being your authentic self makes you not happy. * Example: 17 year old. Trouble with peers. Drugs. She was selling her body. Came from a wealthy home and educated parents. She had the potential to be a good student. When asked ‘how would other people describe you”? she said ‘they describe me as crack whore’ and she also described herself as a crack whore. She was not ok with people calling her that. Then ask, do you like what you are doing and how you live? She said no. Then go back and say, is it correct for people to call you that? (insert reality therapy). She agreed as she is doing that. Challenging this is the humanistic part of helping her self actualize.

Answer 11

* The therapeutic relationship and the client’s internal resources are the crux of successful therapy. * The qualities and characteristics of the therapist are key to the success of therapy

Answer 12

* Presence is key to successful therapy * Therapist sees themselves as an instrument of change * Focus is on immediate experience – not delving into the past * Therapist must be ‘real’ with the client * A shared journey * Counsellor does not need to be ‘perfect’ but must recognize their influence on clients

Answer 13

* Congruence—genuineness, counsellor’s behavior is congruent with emotions Congruence = Genuineness – being honest with the client. * Empathy—accurate ability to view the world from client’s perspective Empathy = a deep understanding of the client/person. Really understanding what it would be like to be them – know what it would feel like to be in their shoes. * Accurate empathic understanding is thought to be the most powerful determinant of client progress * Unconditional Positive Regard—acceptance, caring, confirmation of client. * Unconditional Positive Regard = a non-judgmental approach used with clients (people) to show respect for them as a human being and showing acceptance of a person’s right to their feelings, even in cases when we might not necessarily agree with them or like their opinion/actions.

Answer 14

When counsellors learn about an experience from a client and begin to internalize what that would be like

Answer 15

When counsellors understand an experience at a distance but can convey a sense of what it is like for the client

Answer 16

When counsellors rely on outside frames of reference or similar experiences

Answer 17

Rather than think of empathy as a particular type (Subjective, Interpersonal or Objective), it is more useful to think of it in an integrated manner and not to focus as much on how one might relate to a client’s experience, but rather, focus on being able to internalize that experience and be able to put oneself in the shoes of another person.

Answer 18

grounded on the assumption that it is clients who heal themselves and create self-growth. * Therapy will help individuals: * Become open to experience * Trust themselves * Unmasking - evaluate themselves internally (not externally) * Willing to continue to grow as a person

Answer 19

* Increase the independence and integration of the client * Focus on the person, not the problem * Create the conditions necessary for positive growth * Develop openness to new experiences, trust in themselves, internal source of evaluation, and willingness to continue growing It should be noted… * A major aspect of person-centered therapy is the belief that the therapist should not choose the goals of the client, but instead help the client define and clarify their own goals * Goals should be expected to change as the client progresses through counselling

Answer 20

* The relationship between client and therapist is KEY in person-centered therapy * The relationship is characterized by equality * Aside from presence, the therapist does not use any particular techniques or strategies although reflection is a common factor used in this approach * Diagnosis and collecting background history is not necessary * Skill is for the therapist to create a strong therapeutic relationship based on congruence, positive regard and empathy

Answer 21

* No real techniques, aside from PRESENCE * reflection, listening, immediacy, empathizing, understanding, and responding to the client

Answer 22

* Expressive Art Therapy; Creative Therapy; Creative Play Therapy * Goal of these is for creative expression to unleash inaccessible feelings and emotions * Motivational Interviewing (change talk) * A more directive PCT approach which uses more counsellor intervention and includes questions to client * Emotion-focused Therapy * Helping clients accept and explore their emotions. We need to accept ourselves before we can change ourselves.

Answer 23

* Many professionals feel PCT conditions are necessary but not sufficient for change to occur * Many clients want more than just to be listened to, but rather, they want concrete techniques to help them change * Many clients want more structure than what PCT provides for them * Some cultures are more collectivist and PCT tends to be more individualistic

Answer 24

* Reflection is a commonly used counselling technique, but it is often used incorrectly when people simply repeat what the person has said to them. * Reflection requires understanding a person’s feelings, hearing their messages, and reflecting deeper meanings they are attempting to communicate. Using Reflection – Example * Woman, 42, tells you: “So often I feel that I’m alone, that nobody cares about me. My husband doesn’t seem to notice me, my kids only demand from me, and I just dread getting up in the morning. “ * What is this person experiencing? * How might you respond to her using a reflective voice? * What is this person experiencing? * Ignored, unappreciated, taken advantage of, unloved, uncared for, a sense of hopelessness * How might you respond to her using a reflective voice? * "I’m hearing you say you are feeling lonely, and maybe even desperate for human connection. * I sense that you are asking yourself – what’s the use of going on this way. "

Answer 25

* Immediacy is: ‘the key skill of focusing attention on the here and now relationship of counsellor and client [person] with helpful timing, to challenge defensiveness and/or heighten awareness’. * It is an advanced technique used ‘in the moment’ to point out how you are interpreting a client’s [person’s] actions or behaviour. * It must be used carefully, sensitively, and timely or it can cause harm in the counselling relationship. * Example: I notice when we talk about your mother, you seem to get quite agitated or uncomfortable with the discussion

Answer 26

* A philosophy - more than a set of counselling techniques * The goal of existential therapy is to assist clients in an exploration of their existence – the “givens of life” * Existentialism strives to help clients define the nature of human existence

Answer 27

Key figures in existential philosophy, which strives to define the nature of human existence, are Sϕren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Buber, Ludwig Binswanger, and Medard Boss. Four prominent developers of existential psychotherapy are Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom, and James Bugental

Answer 28

* We are free (unlike determinism of traditional theories of unconscious and past experiences) * We are free to choose how we respond to events * We are responsible for ourselves, and we design the pathways we follow * We are not victims of circumstances (bad faith) * Our values are what we choose * Our existence is never fixed or finished * Clients are not sick (but may be sick of life)

Answer 29

 Capacity for self-awareness  We are free and must accept this and the responsibility that comes with this.  We must preserve our uniqueness and come to know us as who we are – not how others see us - but rather, how we interact with others  Our meaning of life is never fixed- we re-create ourselves.  Anxiety is part of the human condition  Death is part of the human condition, and awareness of it gives significance to living

Answer 30

* Death * Freedom * Isolation * Meaninglessness

Answer 31

* Anxiety is a part of life as we recognize our mortality and pain and suffering. * Anxiety can be used as the motivation to change.

Answer 32

* Help clients recognize the ways in which they are not living fully authentic lives and to make choices that will lead to their becoming what they are capable of being. - recognize factors that block freedom - challenge clients to see how they might be responsible for their problems (their cognitions) rather than - this is happening to me. - widen perspectives on choice - accept the freedom and responsibility that go along with taking action The goal of existential therapy is to assist clients in their exploration of the existential “givens of life,” how these are sometimes ignored or denied, and how addressing them can ultimately lead to a deeper, more reflective and meaningful existence.

Answer 33

* Counsellor/Client relationship is key to process. * Quality of relationship is more important than techniques used * Techniques are ‘borrowed’ * Therapy is a collaborative & shared journey * Techniques used from other theoretical approaches are always used with the overlying question – what does it mean to be human * Most appropriate for those seeking personal growth or experiencing a developmental crisis – questioning the meaning of their life or life in general

Answer 34

* Healing through meaning in Greek. * Viktor Frankl. * A psychologist, neurologist, and philosopher, he formulated his meaning-centred approach, which promotes freedom of choice and personal responsibility. * Internationally recognized and empirically based. * The quest for meaning is the key to mental health and human flourishing.

Answer 35

Existential therapy is useful in working with culturally diverse clients because of its focus on universality, or the common ground that we all share.

Answer 36

lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices of therapy. Many existential writers use vague and global terms or abstract concepts that are difficult to grasp. The model has not been subjected to scientific research as a way of validating its procedures. limited applicability to lower-functioning clients, clients in extreme crisis who need direction, clients who are mostly concerned about meeting basic needs, and those who lack verbal skills.

Answer 37

the consciousness of evading commitment to choose for ourselves.

Answer 38

the self-and-world construct

Answer 39

“therapy through meaning.” Frankl’s philosophical model sheds light on what it means to be fully alive Logotherapists do not tell clients what their meaning in life should be. Instead, existential therapists facilitate an exploration of past, present, and future meanings to help clients identify and connect or reconnect with potential sources of meaning in their lives Frankl (1978) contends that people who confront pain, guilt, despair, and death can effectively deal with their despair and thus triumph.

Answer 40

Meaning is created out of an individual’s engagement with what is valued, and this commitment provides the purpose that makes life worthwhile “What provides meaning one day may not provide meaning the next, and what has been meaningful to a person throughout life may be meaningless when a person is on his or her deathbed”

Answer 41

is rooted in a person-centered philosophy. incorporates aspects of Gestalt therapy into the process. incorporates aspects of existential therapy into the process.

Answer 42

tendency for practitioners to give support without challenging clients sufficiently.

Answer 43

developing the humanistic movement in psychotherapy. pioneering research in the process and outcomes of therapy. fostering world peace. pioneering the encounter-group movement.

Answer 44

MI is rooted in the philosophy of person-centered therapy, but with a “twist.” Unlike the nondirective and unstructured person-centered approach, MI is deliberately directive, yet it stays within the client’s frame of reference. open-ended questions, employing reflective listening, creating a safe climate, affirming and supporting the client, expressing empathy, responding to resistance in a nonconfrontational manner, guiding a discussion of ambivalence, summarizing and linking at the end of sessions, and eliciting and reinforcing change-talk.

Answer 45

something that is made of many parts and yet is somehow more than or different from the combination of its parts; the general quality or character of something

Answer 46

is a school of thought that believes all objects and scenes can be observed in their simplest forms. Sometimes referred to as the 'Law of Simplicity,' the theory proposes that the whole of an object or scene is more important than its individual parts. example: * Yes, we look at things as parts, but the whole is most important. E.g. there is something wrong with a car, and then you find out it’s a flat tire or something. Most people are thinking about the car, not the tire. Would say ‘I don’t have my car today’, not ‘I don’t have my tire today’

Answer 47

Frederick (Fritz) Perls

Answer 48

 Added new and more contemporary dimensions to the theory.  Uniqueness of each therapist was key to her belief of Gestalt therapy

Answer 49

a client-centered approach to psychotherapy that helps clients focus on the present and understand what is really happening in their lives right now, rather than what they may perceive to be happening based on their past experience/s. Like reality therapy, you can't change the past, let's move forward.

Answer 50

Key word is awareness. It is all about helping people become self aware. Awareness in itself is therepeutic.

Answer 51

existential and phenomenological.  Existential – people are always in the process of becoming, remaking and rediscovering themselves  Phenomenological – focus is on client’s perceptions of reality or their lived experience/s

Answer 52

 Existential – people are always in the process of becoming, remaking and rediscovering themselves  Phenomenological – focus is on client’s perceptions of reality or their lived experience/s * Complex theory and very philosophical * Sometimes called relational gestalt therapy * The style is supportive, accepting, empathic, respectful, dialogical * Counsellor and Client relationship is key aspect * It is a holistic approach * The process is ‘present’ or ‘now’ focussed (not past), although the past can be the problem * Clients are expected to do the seeing, feeling, sensing, and interpreting as opposed to the counselor pointing this out. One of the functions of the therapist is to pay attention to the client’s body language

Answer 53

expand their awareness of what they are experiencing in the present moment  Increased awareness is curative * Through becoming aware of one’s denied parts and working toward owning their experience, clients can become integrated, or whole * Gestalt therapists focus on creating conditions to promote client growth rather than therapist-directed change Getting the person to say it, not telling them. move from environmental support to self-support.

Answer 54

The here and now  The what and how of experiencing  The authenticity of the therapist  Active dialogic inquiry and exploration  The I/Thou of relating (counsellor is part of the journey)

Answer 55

The full range of human functioning includes thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, language, and dreams

Answer 56

 The field is the client’s environment which consists of therapist and client and all that goes on between them  Client is a participant in a constantly changing field  Holism- talk about all of these things, not just ‘how do you change those thoughts’ like CBT. E.g. im feeling angry, that feels tense in the shoulders. My language is changed, its mad.  The counselor tries to get the person to see the whole picture and all the parts of the experience.  Field theory- what is happening in the counselling room.

Answer 57

o How an individual organizes experiences from moment to moment – comes to be the center or what the client comes to focus on

Answer 58

o Disturbing an individual’s equilibrium or status quo to encourage them to focus on the figure formation

Answer 59

 Our “power is in the present”  Nothing exists except the “now”  The past has gone and the future has not yet arrived  For many people the power of the present is lost  They may focus on their past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions and plans for the future The focus is not on the 'why' of behaviour. Rather, the what and how.

Answer 60

 Feelings about the past are unexpressed o These feelings are associated with distinct memories and fantasies o Feelings not fully experienced linger in the background and interfere with effective contact The founder of Gestalt therapy contends that the most frequent source of unfinished business is resentment  Result: o Preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness oppressive energy, and self-defeating behavior o Unfinished Business- things that make us uptight because we have not quite dealt with it. We have not unpacked whats going on for us. Something you are unaware of, and it bothers you and you are not sure why it bothers you.

Answer 61

* Gestalt therapists focus on where energy is located, how it is used, and how it can be blocked * Blocked energy is a form of defensive behavior that may result in unfinished business, repressed feelings, or an impasse * Clients are encouraged to recognize how their resistance is being expressed in their body and transform their blocked energy into more adaptive behaviors Blocked energy can be considered a form of resistance.

Answer 62

* Contact  Interacting with nature and with other people without losing one’s individuality * Boundary disturbances/resistance to contact  The defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully Resistance refers to defenses we develop that prevent us from experiencing the present in a full and real way.

Answer 63

 Introjection  Projection  Retroflection  Deflection  Confluence

Answer 64

when a person internalizes the ideas or voices of other people-often external authorities – take it for granted (boys don’t cry)

Answer 65

the reverse of introjection – when individuals attribute characteristics they find unacceptable in themselves to another person – blame others for what they are doing (he hates me, she is cheating)

Answer 66

turning on to ourselves what we’d like to do to others – self harm or internalized oppression

Answer 67

distracting or veering off so that it is difficult to have contact with others – avoidance or changing the subject The process of distraction, which makes it difficult to maintain sustained contact

Answer 68

blurring between oneself and environment – saying what fits with the crowd I’m with – need to be accepted by everyone

Answer 69

Dialogue is super important. Gestalt therapists do not interpret, instead they ask the client to expand. Discovery is the primary step: * “It” talk versus “I” talk. I feel versus It seems… * “You” talk versus “I” talk. * Questions – what and how, but rarely why * Language that denies power versus empower  Eg. I’d like to versus I can’t … * Listening to clients’ metaphors  Who is ‘walking all over you” * Listening for language that uncovers a story  Get client to expand to help them unravel their story

Answer 70

Don’t call them techniques- call them exercises or experiments. * The experiment  Using therapeutic exercises * Empty Chair Technique  Role playing * Internal dialogue exercise  Topdog & Underdog * Rehearsal exercise  Telling what we feel * Reversal technique do the opposite of what you’re feeling * Exaggeration exercise  Tension etc. * Staying with the feeling  Explore that feeling * Making the rounds  Telling each person * Dream work (Dreams contain existential messages, and each piece of dream work leads to assimilation of disowned aspects of the self.)  Bring the dream to life – don’t interpret it o Empty Chair technique- one of the most common.

Answer 71

Traditionally viewed as quite harsh Contemporary is more humanistic. * Confrontation can be used effectively in therapy if clients are ‘invited’ to examine their behaviour, attitudes, and thoughts **Getting someone to confront themselves. In other types of therapy, sometimes the counseller does use confrontation- like pointing out the discrepancies in the clients story. A counseller in a humanistic domain will gently point out a contradiction.

Answer 72

* It is a creative and lively approach that uses experiments to move clients from talk to action and experience * Clients are provided with a wide range of tools for discovering new facets of themselves and changing their lives * It is a holistic approach that values each aspect of the individual’s experience equally * The Gestalt approach to working with dreams is a unique pathway for people to increase their awareness of key themes in their lives * A key strength of Gestalt therapy is the attempt to integrate theory, practice, and research

Answer 73

do not have external support available to them. experience a sense of “being stuck.” are challenged to get into contact with their frustrations and accept whatever is.

Answer 74

experience feelings intensely. stay in the here and now. work through the impasse. pay attention to their own nonverbal messages.

Answer 75

recognizing one’s own projections and refusing to accept helplessness.

Answer 76

Clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved may not see value in experiential techniques. Clients may be “put off” by the emphasis on expressing feelings. Clients may be looking for specific advice on solving practical problems. Clients may believe showing one’s vulnerability is being weak.

Answer 77

* Feminism is often thought of as more of a philosophy than a type of therapy * It places the gender, social class, and power at the core of the therapeutic process (many previous approaches were thought to be male dominated) * Unlike many 1st, 2nd, and 3rd wave approaches, this approach looks at how external factors may explain or contribute to one’s problems in life * Feminist approaches to counselling are like Adlerian in the way that they stress social justice * point 3- Depression- someone is trying to overcome challenges but keeps getting pushed down by external factors.

Answer 78

* No single individual can be identified as the founder of this approach, reflecting a central theme of feminist collaboration * The beginnings of feminism can be traced to the late 1800s * The women’s movement of the 1960s was the foundation for the development of feminist therapy * 3 waves of feminist theory * 1960’s women’s movement – recognition of power inequalities * 1980’s women’s issues – specific problems of women * 1990’s women’s diversity – not all women are the same

Answer 79

* Liberal Feminist Therapy – major goal of personal empowerment * Cultural Feminist Therapy – major goal to infuse traditional feminist characteristics such as altruism, co-operation, and relationships * Radical Feminist Therapy – major goal to transform society and increase female power vs oppression * Socialist Feminist Therapy – major goal to transform social relationships and institutions * Point 1- coming to therapy like yes, I have a problem, but it could not just be inside. It could be because of these social issues.

Answer 80

* Postmodern Feminism – social constructionism * Women of Color Feminism – backlash from women of color toward white women * Lesbian Feminism – like radical feminism with focus on oppression – enriched by queer theory and idea or heterosexism * Global International Feminism – assumption is that each woman lives under a unique system of oppression and some are more oppressed than others

Answer 81

* The personal is political * Commitment to social change * Female voices need to be valued * The counselling relationship is egalitarian * Focus is on strengths – non-deficit model * All types of oppression are recognized * Need to listen to the lived experience

Answer 82

* Problems are viewed in a sociopolitical and cultural context * The psychological oppression that women and minorities have experienced is acknowledged- (this is how it differs from other types-educating them on the injustices) * A feminist perspective considers the roles that women and men with diverse social identities and experiences have been socialized to accept * The client knows what is best for her life and is the expert on her own life- Focus on strengths, but they don’t need to fix society- just be aware * Emphasis is on educating clients about the therapy process * Traditional ways of assessing psychological health are challenged * It is assumed that individual change will best occur through social change; clients are encouraged to take social action

Answer 83

* RCT emphasizes the vital role that relationships and connectedness with others play in the lives of women * Therapists adopting this approach aim to:  Lessen the suffering caused by disconnection and isolation  Increase clients’ capacity for relational resilience  Develop mutual empathy and mutual empowerment  Foster social justice

Answer 84

* The personal is political and critical consciousness are central concepts * Those who practice FT are committed to social change * Women’s and girls’ voices and ways of knowing, and the voices of others who have been oppressed, are valued * The counseling relationship is egalitarian * FT focuses on strengths and offers a reformulated definition of psychological distress * All types of oppression are recognized along with the connections among them

Answer 85

* Feminist therapists help clients:  Become aware of their own gender-role socialization ( how did you come to understand what it means to be a woman)  Identify their internalized messages of oppression and replace them with more self-enhancing beliefs (kinda like CBT)  Understand how sexist and oppressive societal beliefs and practices influence them in negative ways * Acquire skills to bring about change in the environment * Develop a wide range of behaviors that are freely chosen * Restructure institutions to rid them of discriminatory practices * Evaluate the impact of social factors on their lives * Develop a sense of personal and social power * Recognize the power of relationships and connectedness * Trust their own experience and their intuition Six goals for feminist therapy have been proposed: equality, balancing independence and interdependence, self-nurturance, empowerment, social change, and valuing and affirming diversity Feminist goals include making all oppression (not just the oppression of women) transparent, removing oppression, and empowering all marginalized groups.

Answer 86

A key goal of feminist therapy is to assist individuals in viewing themselves as active agents on their own behalf and on behalf of others” (social justice) * “The feminist therapist works to help clients (female and male) to recognize, claim, and embrace their personal power.” * “The aim of feminist therapists is to de-pathologize women’s experiencing and to influence society so that female voices are honored and relational qualities are valued” * “Feminist therapy does not see the therapeutic relationship as being sufficient to produce change – insight, introspection, and self-awareness are also needed to promote change” * “Clients will acquire a new way of looking at and responding to the world”

Answer 87

* Diagnoses are based on the dominant culture’s view of normalcy and cannot account for cultural differences * Feminist therapists have been sharply critical of the DSM classification system, including the current DSM-5 edition * Critique is based on research indicating that gender, culture, and race may influence assessment of clients’ symptoms

Answer 88

* Empowerment * Self-Disclosure * Gender-Role or Social Identity Analysis * Gender-Role Intervention * Power Analysis * No real techniques like Gestalt. * Bibliotherapy * Assertiveness Training * Reframing and Relabeling * Social Action * Group Work * May suggest readings as its very educational. * Assertiveness- helping people speak up for themselves. * CBT is the most empirically supported of all therapies. * It's not like you're doing a different type of therapy but incorporating it into other therapy, adding the special justice angle.

Answer 89

* Male feminist therapists are willing to: * Understand and “own” their male privilege * Confront sexist behavior in themselves and others * Redefine masculinity and femininity and work toward establishing egalitarian relationships * Engage in and support women’s efforts to create a just society

Answer 90

* Has paved the way for gender-sensitive practice and an awareness of the impact of the cultural context and multiple oppressions * Has emphasis on social change, which can lead to a transformation in society * Has made significant theoretical and professional advances in counseling practice * Called attention to child abuse, incest, rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence * Demanded action in cases of sexual misconduct at a time when male therapists misused the trust placed in them by their female clients * Can incorporate principles and techniques of FT into many therapy models

Answer 91

* Therapists do not take a value neutral stance * Therapists must be careful not to impose their cultural values on a client * Therapists may alienate clients if they challenge societal values that subordinate certain groups without first gaining a clear understanding of the clients’ culture * The heavy environmental/sociopolitical focus may detract from exploring a client’s lived experiences * More empirical support is needed for this approach * Training in FT is often offered only sporadically in a non-systematic way, and there is a lack of quality control A criticism of feminist therapy is that it was developed by White, middle-class, heterosexual women.

Answer 92

approach to feminist therapy provides a model for critiquing the value of other traditional and feminist approaches

Answer 93

gender-role analysis. gender-role intervention. power analysis. social action.

Answer 94

viewing problems in a sociopolitical and cultural context. demystifying the therapeutic process. creating a therapeutic relationship that is egalitarian.

Answer 95

The technique exploring ways that inequities or institutional barriers often limit self-definition and well-being

Answer 96

* Postmodernism could be considered more of a philosophy than an actual therapy * Postmodernism is the opposite of modernism or structuralism * Truth and Reality are questioned and seen as having multiple meanings – for different people * It is an inductive way of viewing the world versus a deductive way (One single phenomenon with many explanations. There isn't a simple answer)

Answer 97

* Social constructionism is essentially a person’s perception of the world and/or their life – a self-constructed narrative * Our knowledge of reality is constructed by us * In essence – each person constructs their own meaning of life and it differs from person to person * Social constructionism is an expression of post-modernism in that there is no single explanation or truth to explain human phenomena

Answer 98

* The postmodern therapist views the counsellor and client relationship as collaborative & consultative * The client is viewed as the expert of their own life * The therapist has a critical stance toward taken-for granted knowledge * The therapist believes knowledge has often been constructed through one’s social processes and/or through a limited lens * The therapist believes there is not a single or right way to live ones life Work to deconstruct that knowledge- why do you believe this? is it systemic?

Answer 99

* Therapy occurs as clients share their stories with the therapist who is the listener-facilitator * Clients inform and share significant narratives of their lives with the therapist * The therapist listens with genuine curiosity and interest * The telling of ‘one’s story’ will construct a more clear understanding of the client’s current situation * The client comes to their own understanding of the problem and the underlying causes

Answer 100

* Little or no emphasis is put on the past * Therapists focus on what is possible – what lies ahead * No necessary relationship between the past and the present * What is right for one person may differ for another * Clients choose what goal they wish to achieve in therapy with little attention given to the root or emergence of the problem * A solution to the problem is the goal of therapy * Is an optimistic approach in that individuals are seen to have the ability to solve their problems * Emphasis is on strengths – not weaknesses or inabilities * “Once you know what works, do more of it”

Answer 101

* Structured and routine compared to some other therapies * Concentrates on small, realistic, achievable changes that can lead to positive outcomes * Questions are key to process – How can I help you today? – What happened that encouraged you to see me today? – What will be different in your life? – When did you not feel like this? – What can you do or what would you like to do? – How possible is this? (scaling) * The client’s task is to identify what they want to change The therapist’s task is to facilitate the change (not dictate)

Answer 102

* Questioning (open-ended & genuinely respectful) * Pre-therapeutic self-intervention (what have you done before coming today?) * The ‘exception’ question (think of a time when it wasn’t like this) * The ‘miracle’ question (If a miracle happened and the problem was solved, how would you know it was solved and what would be different) * Scaling Questions (on as scale of 1-10) * Homework (formula first session task) Therapist Feedback (encouragement)

Answer 103

* The power of dominant culture narratives can cause individuals to internalize messages from dominant discourses which can work against them having positive life opportunities * Narrative therapy is an opportunity for the therapist to help the client contextualize and understand the dominant discourse and to externalize it and reconstruct a personal narrative that is more congruent with the client’s life * The dominant narratives: * How can we reconstruct the story to move forward? The story will still be the same, but how can we reframe it? * Overlap between narrative and solution-focused. * Narrative- externalizing or reframing.

Answer 104

* Listening to clients’ stories (key role of therapist) * Deconstructing stories or helping clients question their world-view * Externalizing the person from the problem * Narrative therapy will vary with each client as each client is different * A general goal of narrative therapy is to invite people to describe their experience in a new language or as a different story

Answer 105

* Questions – used to clarify the beliefs of the client * Externalization – used to separate the person from the problem * Deconstruction – used to help the client unravel or understand a dominant narrative or story * Unique outcomes – helping the client recognize times the problem didn’t exist (like the exception) * Reconstruction – altering or rewriting a new story that is more congruent with the client’s life

Answer 106

Purports that we are not individuals but rather each person is part of a larger more complex system * Not unlike feminist theory – in that the systems we live in should be considered when analyzing our problems and struggles in life * Client’s problems might be a symptom of how the system functions, not just the individual’s problem * Family therapists all agree that the client is connected to a living system that is greater and more powerful than the individual

Answer 107

– Adlerian – Multigenerational – Human Validation Process – Experiential – Structural-Strategic (sometimes seen as 2 different models) – Multi-layered approach (more commonly used in contemporary family counselling)

Answer 108

* Believed the development of children was heavily influenced by birth order * Children interpret meaning in their life dependent upon their birth positions * All children want to belong, and their behaviour is an attempt to do so * Behaviour can be explained by looking at the consequences or responses of others to their actions

Answer 109

* Murray Bowen * An individual’s problems can only be understood by viewing the role of the family * Change must occur with family members - not just the individual * Triangulation (3 generations of family) is used to understand behaviour * Differentiation of self – major contribution of Bowen – individual self-identity where person constructs identity that differs from family members Example: “I’ll do anything to make sure I’m not like my mother and/or father”. Skips a generation

Answer 110

* Virginia Satir * Family connection is key to behaviour * Importance of communication in family interactions * If families are congruent then individual family members are healthy * Incongruence leads to 4 unhealthy communication stances (Blame, Placation, Reason, Irrelevance)

Answer 111

Blame, Placation, Reason, Irrelevance

Answer 112

* Carl Whitaker * Like doing existential therapy with families * More confrontational approach – anxiety will create motivation for change * Whole family must engage in therapy * Goal to liberate individuals to be themselves and not adhere to false family boundaries – define what a family is and its purpose * Example: “I really want to grow up and have a family”. But why and what will that look like? For example: do you really want that? Or is it just an expectation? What does family mean to me?

Answer 113

* Salvador Minuchin * Individual behaviour understood from interactions within family * Changes must occur in a family before individual behaviour will change * Family therapy involves – reducing dysfunction and bringing about structural change in the family (functional) * Techniques include boundary setting, reframing, problem solving, communication

Answer 114

* Multilayered process – Forming a relationship with the family – Conducting an assessment – Hypothesizing the problems/challenges – Facilitating change for the family

Answer 115

applies diverse behavioral techniques from a variety of theories to a wide range of problems. Whenever possible, multimodal therapists strive to incorporate empirically supported and evidencebased treatments in their practice. A form of technical integration.

Answer 116

wherein the practitioner, lacking in knowledge and skill in selecting interventions, looks for anything that seems to work, often making little attempt to determine whether the therapeutic procedures are indeed effective.

Answer 117

selecting the best treatment techniques for the individual and the problem. It tends to focus on differences, chooses from many approaches, and is a collection of techniques.

Answer 118

A conceptual or theoretical creation beyond a mere blending of techniques with the goal of producing a synthesis of the best aspects of two or more theoretical approaches; assumes that the combined creation will be richer than either theory alone.

Answer 119

searches for common elements across different theoretical systems. Despite many differences among the theories, a recognizable core of counseling practice is composed of nonspecific variables common to all therapies

Answer 120

– major contribution of Bowen – individual self-identity where person constructs identity that differs from family members Example: “I’ll do anything to make sure I’m not like my mother and/or father”. Skips a generation

Answer 121

equality, balancing independence and interdependence, self-nurturance, empowerment, social change, and valuing and affirming diversity