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RS > Christianity Structures > Flashcards

Christianity Structures Flashcards

1
Q

God as personal, love, king and father AO1

A

Personal:
-offers an opportunity for a personal connection
- theories depend on it for moral guidance
Love:
- expresses love
- nature of Gods love agape john 3:16
- examples of Gods love
Father:
- trinity understanding
- of jesus, of humanity
- how is it different than christians and God?/is it?
King:
- using kingly titles
- isaiah 6:1 “throne high and lifted up” “seen the king”
-the messiah imagery the anointed one

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2
Q

Omnipotent, creator, controller, transcendant AO1

A

Omnipotent:
- logically/ literally omnipotent,
Creator:
- ex deo/ex nihilo/ process theology
Transcendant:
- beyond space and time
- catholic teaching “your thoughts are not mine”
- rudolph otto wholly other
- moses’ call narrative
Controller of all things:
- king as rules over world, stops chaos eg Yam psalm 89, sustains human morality eg 10 coms

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3
Q

Trinity vs ethical monotheism God is incompatible

A
  • incompatible - jesus was a man
  • compatible - he had divine characteristics
  • incompatible - “this is my son” not the same
  • compatible - hypostases and perichoresis
  • compatible - “john wo:30 the father and i are one”
  • incompatible - hen used for disciples
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4
Q

Process theology AO1

A
  • ex nihilo
  • denying omnipotence
  • pan, eternal, necessary
  • pursuading complexity
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5
Q

Jesus is the son of God/ man AO1

A
  • son of God/man
  • cathars, adoptionism
  • merely human liberal a son of God, rejecting miracles
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6
Q

Anthropomorphic language critiques AO2

A
  • changes the literal essence of God, making him more human
  • feminists reject male language as God better understood without gender/woman egs
  • prioritises faith over reasoning which is impractical as we cannot understand him.
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7
Q

importance of the trinity for christians AO1

A
  • Explains doctrines of atonement and redemption/salvation
  • Makes it plausible to have a personal relationship with God bc Godhead seen to be imminent in the world
  • It’s a model for personhood as allows us to accept differences as sameness, trinity is a community of self-giving and receiving love
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8
Q

Dominion and stewardship AO1

A
  • image of god and power
  • genesis 1 birds and fish
  • subdue the earth and noahs ark
  • stewardship explanation
  • principle of plentitude augustine
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9
Q

Predestination AO1

A
  • what it is
  • bible romans 8
  • pelagius doesnt square freedom and predestination
  • double predestination augustine
  • some are ordained Calvin
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10
Q

Sanctity of life AO1

A
  • sacred because God gave it to us etc genesis
  • God breathed life into adam, imago dei etc
  • strong, life at conception, image of God, no abortion NML
  • QOL, taking into account potential and actual life
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11
Q

Strong vs weak sanctity of life AO2

A
  • value for life/ 3000 years ago
  • teaches agape love/ animals and evolution
  • abortion not always choice/ anthro and patriarchy
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12
Q

Can just war theory justify WOMDS? AO2

A
  • hiroshima bomb success/ WOMDS dont discriminate
  • possession doesnt always mean use/ may lead to use if provoked
  • we already own them and modern warfare/ potential to destroy way more than its a success
  • cant apply the 13th century idea to modern warfare
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13
Q

Just war theory AO1

A
  • gives guidance on how to war properly
  • augustine and aquinas
  • jus ad bellum before war - incl chance of success, proper authority, last resort
  • jus in bello - proportionaity and discrimination
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14
Q

Justification by faith, works or both? AO1

A
  • faith alone- paul, original sin, sola fide, luther
  • works - letter of James “faith without works is dead”
  • parable of sheep and goats
  • “he who says he knows god but disobeys him is a liar”
  • catholic church need both - baptism causes good deeds
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15
Q

Justification is by faith alone AO2

A
  • Paul vs James
  • sheep and goats vs sola fide,
  • baptism then faith follows vs solus christus and priesthood of all believers
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16
Q

Catholic/protestant beliefs on church authority AO1

A

Catholic:
- apostolic tradition and succession
- living tradition and bible
Protestant:
- sola Scriptura and priesthood of believers

Protestant:
- sola scriptura
- the sure rule of Gods word
- sola fide rather than sacraments
- priesthood of all believers - you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood

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17
Q

Diff churches view of the bible authority AO1

A
  • evangelical protestant - inerrant we are dictating machines
  • catholic church - author is the holy spirit but normal writers
  • neo-orthodox - contains the word of God but read it to experience God and also fallible human vehicle
  • social gospel - uplifting but more important issues
  • process - pan so cant intervene so human document
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18
Q

Jesus is God: AO2 cbj unit

A
  • yes - miracles and special powers
  • no - moses etc also given special powers
  • yes - the father and i are one
  • No - also used with apostles
  • yes - resurrection
  • no - cathars
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19
Q

christian purpose in life AO1

A
  • to glorify God - genesis 2, imago dei - pray, have RE’s, follow jesus
  • to prepare for judgement - atonement, sheep and goats, liberal
  • to bring about his kingdom on earth - inaug of kingdom, bring God like qualities to earth eg peace, justice, freedom, quakers
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20
Q

christian ideas about the ressurection: AO1

A
  • idea of soul - ✡︎ and greek, world of forms, Christians = baby soul from god, its how we live and respond to God, goes back to God when we die
  • Physical - Augustine - physical and spiritual sin, corporeal bond, jesus’ example
  • spiritual - sown physical, raised spiritual, Paul suggested spiritual because phys didnt make sense
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21
Q

christian beliefs about judgement AO1

A
  • classical ideas - throne, trumpets, book of life, venial/mortal sins
    physical:
  • phys ress, phys afterlife, lot of pain and death so makes sense, doom paintings and Dante, banquets in heaven
    psychological:
  • the mind is its own place, it can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven - john milton
  • freud - state of mind, fulfillment of beliefs
    spiritual:
  • ress spiritual, judgement spiritual, etenal joy or absence from God

Objective immortality - everyone will live on in God

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22
Q

explain christian attitudes to other faiths AO1

A
  • exclusivism - ✞ is the one true religion - noone else is going to be saved
  • Inclusivism - other religions have right bits and therefore aspects of that religion are true
  • anonymous christians - everyone is actually a secret christian so theyre all able to be saved
  • hick’s universalism
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23
Q

exclusivism is the right way to be AO2

A
  • yes because backed by the catholic church
  • no because limits God’s unconditional love - puts the condition of commitment on it
  • john 14:6 and elements of the new testament support
  • Pope john XXIII disagreed and inspired change in the doctrine
  • yes - its a central truth to christianity that christ and God are uniquely revealed to those commited to the faith therefore it makes sense to believe in exclusivism
  • No - doesnt follow jesus - helped those who were hated in jewish society - likely to be non-religious
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24
Q

explain exclusivism AO1

A
  • exclusivism - ✞ is the one true religion
  • john 14:6 shows exclusivism - salvation solely depends on commitment to Jesus
  • some exceptions eg children who die before being baptised/ commited, those who never knew jesus will be judged based on NML
  • Other exclusivists are fundamentalists - evangelism is a priority because thats the only way for people to be saved
  • before vatican II it was a well known catholic belief that there is no salvation outside from the church
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25
Q

explain inclusivism AO1

A
  • Inclusivism - other religions have right bits and therefore aspects of that religion are true
  • closed inclusivists - yes other religions are part right but christianity is fully right, the other religions that are similar to christianity must therefore be alright too
  • open inclusivists - no religion holds all the truth, christianity is better but it can still learn from other religions
  • Paul in Romans stresses that God has no favourites and we will all be judged, salvation is for everyone based on NML which is innate
  • barth - everyone is so tainted that regardless of religion we just need to rely on God’s grace
26
Q

explain Rahner’s anonymous christians AO1

A
  • tries to reflect the inclusivist teachings of jesus
  • gods grace is in everyone - not just christians
  • non-christians are saved through good moral conduct which doesnt rely on jesus - justification by works
27
Q

evaluate Rahner’s anonymous christians: AO2

A
  • Good - central doctrine that God is omnibene, so wants salvation for all
  • Bad - patronising to other religions by suggesting they dont know their own beliefs and that they are actually secret christians - paternalistic because he is choosing “whats best for them”
  • Good - suggests what happens to non-christians - NML and can explain why miracles and RE’s happen in other religions - bc its secretly God
  • Bad - reduces the need for the church - dont need sacraments like eucharist or confession because salvation is available to everyone so whats the point in the church?
  • Good - biblical support in acts 17 when paul refers to the athenians as anonymous christians - not the specific term but the sentiment
  • bad - undermines apostolic succession - not every religion has priests, every religion gets salvation therefore priests, popes and thier teachings are optional at best
28
Q

explain hick’s universalism AO1

A
  • rejected the idea of hell - instead created soul-making and universal salvation
  • doesnt matter what religion you come from because that is mainly based on where you come from and the environment around you
  • salvation is due to self-growth over one or many lives
29
Q

evaluate Hick’s universalism AO2

A
  • good - promotes respect and understanding of other faiths and intra-faith relations
  • Bad - there are certain bits that are just inexcusable in some religions eg suicide cults or ISIS extremists in comparison to mainstream religion so you cant group these people together
  • good - doesnt try to diminish or reduce the diversity of religion into one singular truth and places value on all religion which is better than exclusivists
  • bad - goes against key christian doctrines about judgement heaven and hell and so will be rejected by many christians
  • Good - does not limit God to one understanding eg in christianity vs hinduism God is very different and although there are contradictory claims he can explain this by the analogy of light
  • bad - many christians believe the point of religion is to find truth rather than to be transformed into something acceptable enough to enter heaven
30
Q

explain different ideas on good moral conduct

A
31
Q

explain the catholic practice of baptism in christianity

A

Catholic:

  • RCs - original sin taints us so we need to be cleansed, passed seminally so kids need to be baptised
  • sacrament
  • paedobaptism -
  • makes sign of the cross
  • adults reject evil and declare their faith in jesus for the child
  • priest blesses water and pours it on the baby
  • baby anointed with oils and perfume and is given a candle lit from the easter candle
    confirmation comes at a later age
32
Q

baptism in the baptist church AO1

A
  • sees matthew 28 as an ordinance rather than a sacrament
  • must study the bible before baptism
  • sponsor introduces the christian person
  • they give a testimony as to why they’re turning to god
  • they renounce evil and accept jesus as the saviour
  • they are fully submerged in the water
  • children are welcomed into the church and can go through dedication but wont be baptised
33
Q

the correct way to be baptised is at birth AO2

A
  • yes -gets rid of original sin so babies need to BUT have to be mature enough to regret the sins
  • yes - soul is changed either way so it doesn’t matter BUT only adults can be disciples or know what it means to be a disciple - like jesus did
  • yes - “let the children come to me and do not hinder them, for to such belong the kingdom of God” – shouldn’t hinder baptisms BUT Jesus never baptised babies, only welcomed them to the church
34
Q

explain the practise of holy communion

A
  • devoted bible readings
  • unleavened bread and wine at altar
  • prayer of consecration said
  • epeclesis - calling god down to bless, then raising bread and wine above head
  • genuflexion - to show reverence to God
  • transubstantiation - turns into Jesus
  • bread broken and wafers are given to congregation
  • ## go for spiritual nourishment and will have a 2h fast and confess beforehand
35
Q

explain the practice of the last supper

A
  • focuses on actions of jesus - memorialist understanding
  • bible and sermon readings
  • communion table and break bread whilst reading Paul’s narrative of the last supper
  • no restrictions on who can join, no fasting, no confession
  • value is on community and remembering the life of Jesus
36
Q

explain the significance of the last supper for different christian denominations AO1

A
  • RCs - incredibly important - he was creating a formal ritual of a specific significance
  • In catholic traditions its compulsory at christmas and corpus christi, and often at weddings or life events
  • protestants arent as fussed, usually just part of weekly worship, or otherwise happens around once a month in baptist tradition
37
Q

explain the different interpretations of mission AO1

A
  • mission as evangelism - paul converted people in the meditterranian so we should too - CMS, TEAM, Alpha courses
  • Mission for poor and disadvantaged - Paul travelled, collected money for the poor, Children’s society, Christian aid, church urban fund
  • mission in christ community - training clergy, restoration of church etc, ecumenical partnerships, new expressions
38
Q

explain what each acronym means in mission as evangelism, poor and community

A

evangelism - CMS built churches in the 19th cent, TEAM sent doctors into crisis zones to convert, Alpha courses where athiests can ask questions

poor people - children’s society set up housing, food and clothes for homeless kids, Christian aid helps in crises - no conversion, CUF provides financial support to demuni areas

community - ec partnerships with other churches to provide more services eg in milton keynes, New exps allowed people to worship elsewhere eg in coffee shops or skateparks

39
Q

mission hasnt changed throughout history

A
  • yes has - from converting overseas to in the uk change BUT still trying to convert people so not much change
  • helping the poor has remained pretty similar in that the salvation army has been running since the 19th century BUT changed from education as the focus to helping deprived areas
  • yes changed because went from church worship and care to wider community BUT still all 3 have one underlying goal – to make disciples and follow jesus
40
Q

examine the challenge of secularisation AO1

A

religion as truth changed from the dark ages to eventually being replaced by science

philosophical views changed thanks to people like freud, durkheim and marx on religion

new age spiritualities away from the church became popular and church scandals caused them to lose followers

militant atheism - Dawkins said its irrational and is hostile to religious believers, Robinson called into question the image of God bc it didnt make sense

Dawkin’s God delusion goes into this further by sayig its abusive to teach kids about religion and a magical miracle worker as a God which is ridiculous

41
Q

examine the responses to secularisation AO1

A
  • house church movement - worshipping together at home to avoid hostility, more focused on religious healing than the superfluous traditions of the church
  • fresh expressions - going out in the community and explore the values of non-christians, draws out the religious value from secular situations
  • liberalist approach - wanted social change and to help empower the poor
42
Q

christian responses to secular values like wealth AO1

A
  • old testament saw it as a gift from God - Solomon gifted with riches for his loyalty
  • new testament - jesus said the poor were blessed and wealth distracts us from our duty
  • early church divided- monastic traditions valued living communally, but after reformation it was better to be rich and charitable - Cadburys brothers
43
Q

explain Alister McGrath’s counter to Dawkins AO1

A
  • science and christianity are compatible
  • dawkins assumes science = atheism, but plenty of scientists see the value in religion - all stupid?
  • there are limits to science eg science cannot show the true nature of life since no empirical test
  • partially overlapping magisteria - science and religion are able to enrich each other
  • dawkins targets sueprnatural fundementalism which is easy to refute
  • he’s a different kind of fundamentalist so its futile fighting fire with fire
44
Q

explain christian responses to the rise of science AO1

A
  • deism - created the world then left - fits around the idea of creation and explains why miracles cant be proven - fits with science
  • existentialism - we have no inherent purpose, we have to make our own in life, science cant tell us our purpose
45
Q

how has science influenced christian ethical thought AO1

A
  • modern medicine by science - should we preserve life that God has made sacred or are we interfering with God’s plan
  • Evolution - led to the idea of human evolution - nietzsche ubermenchen goes against christian ideology of love everyone
  • environment - stewardship and eco-theology developped after climate crisis began
46
Q

how has scientific discoveries affected christianity? AO1

A
  • evolution - the purpose of creation is lost bc everything isnt created just perfectly unlike in genesis 2
  • BB - Disputes how God made the world in Genesis 1
  • Neuroscience – body/soul relationships descartes, libet
47
Q

19th cent responses to Darwin

A
  • COE ridiculed it Wilberforce and TX Huxley debate.
  • Intelligent design argument Behe “irreducibly complex”
  • Fundamentalists denial of God
  • Liberal Anglicans say God caused evolution – Hick, Charles Kingsley - wouldnt it be easier to create a self-evolving species instead of new perfect species each time?
48
Q

responses to the big bang

A
  • Cosmological argument agreed it’s the first cause.
  • Finetuning argument - 10180 chance of perfection so unlikely its completely separate from God
  • Catholic church says its compatible – Francis Collin - begs for a divine explanation
  • Creationist views –old and new creationists
49
Q

young earth and old earth creationists AO1

A

Young earth creationists:
- Earth is 5,700 - 10,000 years old,
- literally believe Genesis 1
- think all humans come from Adam and eve after the fall, rather than through evolution.
- Henry Morris promoted “creation science”.
Old earth creationists:
- Allows the views of geology and cosmology about the age of the world and universe,
- liberal view of genesis 1 – creative epochs,
- rejects evolution, some allow it as an explanation for everything but humans – we’re too quirky for that.

50
Q

evaluate the writings of polkinghorne

A
  • places value on religion and says the two are separate
  • ## But he says God does interfere with the world which brings us back to POE
51
Q

‘it is not possible to believe in God as a creator and accept the theory of Evolution’ assess this view.

A
  • yes can because some accepted evolution eg Charles Kingsley said its smarter than needing new species all the time BUT maybe not because COE mocked it
  • yes bc Liberal anglicans in general said God caused evolution BUT goes against creationist view that our creation was special
  • Fundementalists see it as a denial of God but liberalists may be more willing to accept it, old creationists suggest that everything else is due to evolution, just not humans so maybe partially
52
Q

what does Polkinghorne say about religion and science?

A
  • theyre friends not foes
  • evolution cant explain things like art or random stuff so must have another explanation
  • quantum level movements
  • both disciplines answer questions - the what and the why
  • christian claims can be verified so clearly some overlap
53
Q

what does Polkinghorne say about religion and science?

A
  • theyre friends not foes
  • evolution cant explain things like art or random stuff so must have another explanation
  • quantum level movements
  • both disciplines answer questions - the what and the why
  • christian claims can be verified so clearly some overlap
54
Q

God of the gaps argument

A
  • before science God used everywhere
  • as science evolved, less and less room for religious explanations
  • as science gets the answers for everything there will be no need for a God
55
Q

“Christianity has no response to the challenges of science”

A
  • no - BB challenges need for a God in creation, however Francis collin said it cries out for a divine explanation
  • no - evolution challenges the nature and uniqueness of our creation, but finetuning suggests the world is finetuned to our existence
  • no - God of the gaps renders christianity useless BUT polkinghorne said they were compatible
56
Q

sections in gender and sexuality

A
  • bible passages about gender
  • biblical criticism - seeing bible as historical
  • feminist writers
  • gay people
  • trans people
  • celibacy and marriage
57
Q

sections in gender and sexuality

A
  • bible passages about gender
  • biblical criticism - seeing bible as historical
  • ordination of women
  • feminist writers
  • gay people
  • trans people
  • celibacy and marriage
58
Q

bible passages show that christians hate women AO2

A
  • yes - timothy 2:8 BUT timothy was meant as a response to something specific, rather than a general command
  • ephesians 5:22 “wives submit yourselves to your husbands … for the husband is the head of the wife” BUT also says we should do slavery so not great
  • corinthians 14:34 - “it is disgraceful for women to speak in the church” BUT paul also praised Phoebe and junia as apostles and P was a deacon and patron of many so contradictiory
59
Q

biblical criticism AO1

A
  • looking at the bible as a fallible, historical text
  • looks at original language
  • form of writing
  • context of passage
60
Q

ordination of women

A
  • legalised in 1994 but libby lane not until 2015
  • COE allows ordination
  • conservative churches have renounced the legitimacy of female bishops so they are able to switch denominations eg into the RC church

’

61
Q

Rosemary radford ruether AO1

A
  • sided with the outcasts in society - would have been women
  • ## women

RS (7 decks)

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