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RS > Philosophy Structures > Flashcards

Philosophy Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Design argument AO1

A
  • observations
  • analogical argument
  • watch to world comparison
  • intelligent design eg.
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2
Q

Free will defence AO1

A
  • Free will is what separates us from robots
  • genuine free will needs the possibility of evil
  • must be able to make autonomous decisions to have a genuine relationship with God so evil is due to misuse of free will
  • kierkegaard parable of king and peasant girl
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3
Q

Ontological AO1

A
  • definition of God and the contradictory argument
  • painter example
  • Gaunilo response
  • responsio in island vs God
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4
Q

Design argument AO2

A
  • hume floating veg/ evolution compatible
  • not one massive God/ simplest explanation
  • POE so incompetent God/ Evil is inevitable
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5
Q

Cosmological AO1

A
  • cumulative, cause, motion
  • contingency
  • necessity and infinite regress
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6
Q

Free will defence AO2

A
  • Logical explanation for moral evil/ Mackie suggests God could have made humans with both free will and the ability to always choose good
  • can explain natural evil as death is necessary for free will as we have responsibility/ determinists believe that we don’t have free will as every decision is a result of the prior decision, freedom is an illusion so cant justify
  • explains natural evils are necessary for death to limit suffering/ Rowe examples of evils that do not produce greater good eg fawn and child
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7
Q

Mystical experiences AO1

A
  • Stace non-sensuous
  • Stace intro/extrovertive
  • James PINT
  • James’ view on drugs
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8
Q

Types of POE AO1

A
  • Logical POE, impossible, inconsistent triad
  • augustine’s refusal of evil, or omni refusal
  • Evidential POE, improbable, unnecessary suffering
  • Fawn, child, Karamazov
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9
Q

Science vs religious experience AO2

A
  • freud wish fulfillment/ just a theory
  • ramachandran and persinger/ God created TL
  • drugs eg enthogens/ James idea of drugs
  • Swinburne credulity and testimony/ first person private and can’t prove God
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10
Q

Process theology AO1

A
  • denying ex nihilo with revised standard version of genesis 1
  • denying Gods omnipotence because creation
  • panethiestic relationship and his power to pursuade
  • Pursuading complexity to increase richness in life
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11
Q

Ontological AO2

A
  • philosophical understanding
  • Defines god Aquinas disagrees
  • Karl Barth argument from faith/ fideists
  • deductive proof/ Kant existence cant be reasoned.
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12
Q

Cosmological AO2

A
  • Fallacy of composition/ Bruce Reichenbach example
  • Radio debate brute facts/ need explanations in science
  • empirical evidence/ deductive proofs better
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13
Q

Visions AO1

A
  • corporeal vision and french woman Joan of Arc
  • Imaginative vision and pharaoh’s dream
    -intellectual visions and Theresa of ávila
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14
Q

Soul-making AO1

A
  • We are gods children and choose to love him or not
  • We are in God’s likeness, biology then in virtue
  • epistemic distance necessary for free will
  • we need evils to develop second order virtues
  • world is a place for soul-making not for soul deciding
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15
Q

Soul-making AO2

A
  • there are pointless evils eg Rowe explanation/ If there are no irrational evils then we would be able to reason every evil, giving us irrefutable evidence of God
  • Cannot fully justify the worst evils possible/ all evils are a matter of degree, can’t remove the worst, removes moral freedom
  • we cannot develop without challenge so soul-making is powerful
  • crucifixion was pointless if we have universal salvation either way.
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16
Q

numinous experiences AO1

A
  • numinous meaning
  • characteristics of the divine
  • sui generis and non rational feelings
  • moses and burning bush
17
Q

Miracles as realist AO1

A
  • an event, world mind independent and brought by God
    miracles of beneficial coincidence
  • miracles through people
  • miracles as a violation of nature
18
Q

Process theology AO2

A
  • realistic portrayal of God/ John Roth- not worth worship
  • backed up by bab myths of creation and flood/
  • God suffers with humanity/ this is not justifiable for animals
19
Q

Plato and Aristotle on the soul AO1

A

Plato:
- 2 worlds - world of forms and empirical
- psyche / soul has 3 parts - logical, thumus and appetitive
Aristotle:
- a soul provides essential nature
- an eye without sight is like a person without a soul - what animates us
- soul/body are distinct but inseperable- soul is expressed through the body

20
Q

descartes on the soul AO1

A
  • mind and bosy are separate
  • substance dualism
  • res cognita and res extensa
  • argument from doubt - can doubt body, cant doubt mind - i think therefore i am
  • argument from divisibility - cant divide mind, can with body
  • argument from CDP - can imagine them as 2 sep things
  • soul speaks to the body via the pineal gland

clear and distinct perception

21
Q

hume’s critique of descartes AO1

A
  • The thing that’s thinking is material so that doesn’t make sense
  • If we could have a soul, how do we know we don’t have multiple?
  • Might not be an I that thinks – could be an illusion created by the mind
22
Q

different ideas about the soul/body relationship AO1

A
  • Dual Aspect Monism - 1 ontological entity with 2 aspects - 1st person subjective and 3rd person objective, panpsychism - every cell has 2 aspects
  • functionalism/ physicalism - everything can be explained in reference to physical matter - dont need a soul to explain bodily stuff
  • interactionism - dualism but res extensa communicates with res cognita via pineal gland
23
Q

physical afterlife AO1

A
  • science states we cant be alive without a brain and when that dies we die - only afterlife is possible via cryonics
  • russell - we die and we are just scared of death and thats why we believe in an afterlife
  • replica theory - physically ressurected in a ressurection world as a replica made from non-phys substances
24
Q

psychological afterlife - AO1

A
  • bundle theory - parfitt we are a bundle of mass and memories and flesh, we can live on in the memories of others
  • Dennet - if we upload our existence onto a computer it would be a continued existence because he’s a functionalist - brain functipon could be replaced by computer
  • objective immortality - we live on in God’s mind through panentheistic relationship
25
Q

metaphysical afterlife AO1

A
  • plato - world of forms
  • price - dream like world with telepathy
  • swinburne - lightbulb - if cable can be repaired so could the brain - being is in the soul, not the brain
26
Q

types of language:

A
  • cognitive - factual claims that can be verified - synthetic
  • non-cognitive - subjective statements - would be inappropriate to test the truth of them because subjective eg i love this painting
  • strengths of cog - easily validated, beliefs are facts in the believers eyes
  • strengths of non-cog - doesnt claim to be scientific, beliefs that are held despite evidence, value on non-scientific language
27
Q

verification and falsification AO1

A

verification:
- 2 kinds of meaningful statement - analytical and synthetic
- needs to be able to be verified or else useless - religion is useless
- ayer - pseudo-propositions are religion, aethetic and moral claims
Falsification:
- in science always need data disproving the theory in order for science to progress
- “in so far as something is not falsifiable, it does not speak of reality”
- parable of the gardener to illustrate point
- vacuous and dies a death of 1000 quals

28
Q

strengths and weaknesses of verification

A
  • in principle gives value to stuff that isnt pracical to verify eg science
  • easy to follow method of finding meaningful statements
  • but narrow field of meaningful stuff - only facts
  • if statements of approval/disapproval are meaningless, the verification principle fails by it’s own criteria as it is simply what Ayer thought was the case
29
Q

falsification strengths and weaknesses AO2

A
  • believers dont know what will falsify their claims so theyre nullified
  • appeal to scientists will make it more likely to be accepted
  • wittgenstein
  • metaphysical statements cant require physical proof, reductionist to believe only one kind of language is meaningful
30
Q

responses to the challenge on religious language

A
  • hick eschatological - parable of celestial city, ver in princ
  • hare’s bliks - parable of the lunatic
  • wittgenstein’s language game
31
Q

language should be viewed cognitively AO2

A
  • yes - flew - dies a death etc and ayer BUT problem with cog lang is too reductionist
  • hare’s bliks more effective bc shows why beliefs are irrational sometimes without detracting value BUT believers want it to be factual

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