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RS > Ethics Structures > Flashcards

Ethics Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Virtue ethics AO2

A
  • holistic approach/ cultural relativism
  • realistic bc can make mistakes - one swallow doesn’t make spring/ conflicting virtues
  • flexible what the mean is/ circular
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2
Q

Virtue ethics AO1

A
  • eudaimonia
  • function argument and heirarchy of souls
  • rational and non-rational virtues
  • golden mean and virtues
  • sup and sub aims
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3
Q

NML AO2

A
  • Objective rules/ not following jesus
  • double effect justifying anything/ doesnt judge the action anymore
  • places value on life/ immoral outcomes
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4
Q

NML AO1

A
  • practical reason
  • prim and sec principles
  • apparent goods and real goods
  • proportionalism or double effect
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5
Q

Situation ethics AO2

A
  • 6 fundemental helps complex scenarios/ justify anythingterm-4
  • gives actions purpose and aim/daunting to do good
  • follows agape love/ rejects other christian teachings
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6
Q

DCT AO1

A
  • good is acting to reflect Gods will
  • creation means we share morality
  • sola scriptura
  • new testament
  • calvin - causation
  • Barth - obedience
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7
Q

Situation ethics AO1

A
  • intro
  • agape love
  • 4 presuppositions 2 examples
  • 6 fundemental principles 2 examples
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8
Q

Determinism AO1

A
  • determinism and reductionism - spinoza, trauma, factors
  • scientific determinism
  • psychological determinism
  • theological determinism
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9
Q

Free will is an illusion AO2

A
  • cognitive research for determinism/ Libet also disproved it
  • libertarians hold a positive approach/ Baruch Spinoza
  • compatibilism and paralysis of freedom/ but pointless
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10
Q

Libertarianism AO1

A
  • non-causal, morally free decision
  • dualist beliefs
  • moderate libertarians say theres limited free will
  • paralysis of freedom
  • folk psychology
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11
Q

Compatibilism AO1

A
  • free will and determinism can work
  • liberty of spontaneity
  • constant conjunction
  • ^ in humanity
  • liberty and necessity
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12
Q

Determinism on punishment AO1

A
  • pointless
  • sin is predetermined
  • heaven/hell is predetermined
  • should recondition people like skinner said
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13
Q

Intuitionism AO1

A
  • good cant be defined
  • good is good and thats the end of the matter
  • comes from intuition
  • trolley problem
  • conflicting prima facie
    -mental maturity
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14
Q

Utilitarianism AO1

A
  • 2 sovereign masters
  • maximise pleasure min pain
  • pleasure measured by intensity duration and purity etc
  • consequentialist
  • MILL
  • not all pleasures =
  • higher and lower pleasures
  • some generally beneficial rules
  • refinement of Bentham
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15
Q

Religion on conscience AO1

A
  • butler - balance between ego and prud
  • aquinas god given faculty of reason
  • Augustine - literal voice of God
  • Schleiermacher its direct revelation from god
  • fletcher - its something we do while making a decision
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16
Q

Secular ideas on conscience AO1

A
  • freud - id, ego, superego, parents
  • durkheim - loyalty to society
  • kholberg - 6 stages of conscience
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17
Q

Lying and conscience AO1

A
  • fletcher - agree if its most loving
  • aquinas said its wrong - NML
  • freud doesnt think its a moral issue
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18
Q

Adultery and conscience AO1

A
  • Aquinas - NML
  • Augustine - no - adultery against 10 commandments
  • durkheim - only society disapproves of it
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19
Q

DCT AO2

A
  • clear system of thought BUT immoral comands eg slavery
  • reward for good behaviour BUT autonomy
  • God is an impartial judge BUT euthyphro
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20
Q

intuitionism AO2

A
  • everyone has intuitions so common idea BUT Why do we have intuitions
  • avoids the fallacy of ethical naturalism BUT hard to debate beyond “the vibes are just off”
  • prima facie may say why we struggle with decisions BUT what if its just society’s influence on our right and wrong
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21
Q

bentham’s utilitarianism - bentham and kant

A
  • motivation - - hedonistic pleasures - sovereign masters
  • principle of utility - usefulness of the action - measured by the hedonic calculus
  • Dr Price - duration, remoteness, purity, richness, intensity, certainty and extent
  • act utilitarian - every ACTion must follow the principle of utility for it to be moral
  • consequence will determinne whether the action was moral or not - teleological approach
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22
Q

Bentham AO2 strengths and weaknesses

A
  • doesnt try to prioritise certain pleasures over others BUT commits the naturalistic fallacy because cant bridge the is-ought to gap
  • saw the value in animals - modern - because they felt pleasure/pain BUT ignores the rights of minorities in favour of majorities
  • pragmatic - uk uses it in the justice system therefore its shown to work effectively BUT puts too much emphasis on consequences - killing is still killing regardless of if it does help people
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23
Q

Bentham AO2 strengths and weaknesses

A
  • doesnt try to prioritise certain pleasures over others BUT commits the naturalistic fallacy because cant bridge the is-ought to gap
  • saw the value in animals - modern - because they felt pleasure/pain BUT ignores the rights of minorities in favour of majorities
  • pragmatic - uk uses it in the justice system therefore its shown to work effectively BUT puts too much emphasis on consequences - killing is still killing regardless of if it does help people
24
Q

is bentham compatible with religion?

A
  • yes - jesus said people are supposed to be judged on how they react to people in need eg good samaritan - avoiding pain is also in Bentham thought BUT formed without God so inconsistent
  • jesus acts situationally and so does the utilitarian so similar to SE BUT the church follows NML and that is v dissimilar to NML so inconsistent with traditional church teachings
  • both aknowledge the value of self-love, we are driven by self love or love of others according to Bentham - jesus - love thy neighbour as yourself -BUT religion emphasises an afterlife whereas for Bentham emphasises the importance of daily moral deeds
25
Q

Kant AO1

A
  • duty is innate, needed because it provides a good will- good will isn’t desire, emotion, demands moral seriousness
  • categorical imp is moral rules we MUST follow - has 3 formulations:
  • universal law - do what you would have done to you - you cant be the contradiction or the exception to the rule
  • humanity - you have to treat people like people - self governed, and have absolute moral worth
  • kingdom of ends - need to act as if your actions will become the rules in a kingdom of free agents
  • summum bonum - highest good - being worthy of happiness through being virtuous underpinned by 3 postulates:
  • the world is fair and so will be rewarded but not in this life
  • must be an afterlife, which can only be provided by God
  • we have to have free will for our actions to be moral
26
Q

strengths and weaknesses of Kant

A
  • simple to follow, even kids understand it BUT its no more believable than DCT since both are non-naturalist so both commit the naturalistic fallacy
  • doesnt excuse morally wrong actions eg murder for a good cause is still murder BUT if consequence is good, isnt action at least partially good? killing 1 to save 100?
  • ## kant favours reason over emotion - emotion promotes favouritism, immoral so overall good BUT unrealistic - hume shows its impossible to not be influenced by emotion because moral sentiment motivates us to act so unrealistic to expect people to use it
27
Q

Kant’s ethical theory is compatible with religion AO2

A
  • yes - sense of reason telling you whats moral is similar to NML BUT Kant makes no appeal to specific scripture and only briefly mentions God at all - largely secular
  • yes - beatific vision is a similar goal to summum bonum - both are provided by God and involve eternal happiness BUT Kant rejects NML/DCT because its only following commandments not autonomous decision
  • universalisability rule is similar to the Golden rule in Mark 12 BUT his use of religion is sparse and weakens his argument so clearly its better as a secular theory
  • conclude - yes somewhat bc golden rule, but kan rejects DCT and religion because not autonomous
28
Q

Euthenasia and situation ethics

A

loving is not liking, relativism, personalism, love is the only norm

29
Q

Euthanasia and virtue ethics

A

eudaimonia, courage in death vs suffering, charity and love

30
Q

Euthanasia and NML

A

protection of life, ordered society, worshipping God, proportionalism

31
Q

Abortion and situation ethics

A

agapeic calculus, relativism, personalism, love is the only norm

32
Q

Abortion and virtue ethics

A

“before life and sense have begun”, dependent on woman, courage and compassion

33
Q

Abortion and NML

A

reproduction, protection of life, worshipping God, double effect- ectopic pregnancy but not rape

34
Q

Embryo research and SE

A

pragmatic, agape love, fletcher- we are makers and creators

35
Q

Embryo research and virtue ethics

A

compassion, cloned soldier aggressiveness, eudaimonia = human growth achieved by science, cant reach eudaimonia if have HIV/ cancer

36
Q

Embryo research and NML

A

reproduction, changing God’s creation, breakdown of marriage, Jeremiah 1:5 “before I formed you in the womb I knew you”

37
Q

Lying and SE

A

love is justice- syphalis, lie by reassurance- pragmatic, personalism

38
Q

Lying and VE

A

truth is a plain dealer- not overselling or underselling, truth is a synergy of virtues, lie only if it develops other virtues eg compassion or courage

39
Q

Lying and NML

A

worship God 10 commandments, ordered society, not to save a life, lying by omission is okay

40
Q

Theft and Se

A

pragmatism, personalism, agape love, food yes but books no

41
Q

Theft and VE

A

base actions- some are just always bad, justice in law/fairness, distributional justice might allow it

42
Q

Theft and NML

A

Ordered society, would accept if dying, proportionalism value vs disvalue

43
Q

Capital punishment and SE

A

pacifism in jesus, pragmatic, agapeic calculus, relativism

44
Q

Capital punishment and VE

A

justice in both senses, virtuous people follow law, eudaimonia, one swallow doesn’t make spring - one bad act doesn’t make you a bad person,

45
Q

Capital punishment and NML

A

Law of talion, an eye for an eye, ordered society, protection of life, worship God- jesus was a pacifist

46
Q

Intensive farming and SE

A

795 million undernourished people, pragmatism, short term and maximises misery agapeic calculus

47
Q

Intensive farming and VE

A

function argument, compassion, justice, practical reason, eudaimonia

48
Q

Intensive farming and NML

A

heirarchy of souls, man is specl, dominion - genesis 6

49
Q

Animals in scientific procedures and SE

A

agape, pragmatism, relativism, loving is not liking

50
Q

Animals in scientific procedures and VE

A

compatible with eudaimonia, intellectual virtues, compassion to man

51
Q

Animals in scientific procedures and NML

A

preserve human life, mutation and worshipping God, must be kind, “may do the same to men”

52
Q

Blood sports and SE

A

desensitising to pain/suffering, love is the only norm, fox hunting to save sheep is okay but dog fighting is different.

53
Q

Blood sports and VE

A

common greek passtime, justice, courage against bull, calculated courage, compassion

54
Q

Blood sports and NML

A

dominion, sport is a legitimate use, catechism states we should be kind to animals, ordered society

55
Q

Animal Organ transplants and SE

A

agapeic calculus, donors should be dead or consenting if sentient, personalism, God gives knowledge for us to use it

56
Q

Animal organ transplants and VE

A

eudaimonia, compassion, callousness as animals are seen as expendable

57
Q

Organ transplants and NML

A

agrees with it to save life, worship God - don’t change genetics, proportionalism

RS (7 decks)

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