Chromatine Structure and Epigenetics: 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Quelle est la différence entre chromosome et chromatide

A

La différence entre un chromosome et une chromatide réside dans leur structure et leur fonction dans la cellule.

Chromatide : Une chromatide est une moitié de chromosome, qui est identique à une autre. On parle souvent de chromatides soeurs. Une chromatide est un filament fin et très long de chromatine; les chromatides se condensent au moment de la division cellulaire pour former les chromosomes.

Chromosome : Un chromosome est un regroupement de matériel génétique qui regroupe deux chromatides. Deux chromatides assemblées au niveau du centromère forment un chromosome

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2
Q

Quelles sont les différentes parties du chromosome

A

Centromère: région qui unit les
chromatides sœurs
Télomère: portion distale des
chromosomes contenant des séquences
nucléotidiques répétées qui empêchent
une perte de matériel génétique

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3
Q

does a cell in G0 have two sister chromatids or only 1?

A

A cell in the G0 phase of the cell cycle has only one chromatid per chromosome. This is because the G0 phase is a resting phase where the cell is not actively preparing to divide. The DNA replication that creates two sister chromatids per chromosome occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle1. Therefore, until a cell enters the S phase and undergoes DNA replication, each chromosome consists of a single chromatid

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4
Q

What makes up a Nucléosome?

A

ADN (147pb) enroulé autour des protéines Histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4)

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5
Q

What is the charge of a Nucleosome?

A

Nucleosomes are charged positively

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6
Q

What is the role of H1 in Nucleosomes?

A

H1 → sort of a lock for the 8 histones

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7
Q

Hétérochromatine vs Euchromatine

A

Hétérochromatine : zones contenant de la chromatine fortement
condensée et donc peu accessible

Euchromatine: zones plus lâches qui rendent les segments d’ADN
fréquemment utilisés plus accessibles

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8
Q

What condition might you find the chromatin in Mitosis?

A

Hétérochromatine -> want it to be condensed

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE, centromeres are examples of Hétérochromatine

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What is complexe de remodelage?

A

One of the two ways to control chromatin condensation and thus gene regulation

Complexes de remodelage de la
chromatine utilisent l’énergie de
l’ATP pour modifier la position de
l’ADN enroulé autour des
nucléosomes

They temporarily move the coils of DNA around nucleosomes, making segments of DNA accessible to the cell’s machinery. This allows the cell machinery to read genetic instructions and initiate the production of proteins.

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11
Q

What are the histone chemical modufications?

A

Acetylation
Methylation
Phosphorylation

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12
Q

What does histone acetylation lead to and what is this controlled by?

A

Conséquence de l’acétylation d’histones: neutralise les charge
positives (+) à la surface des histones → décondense la chromatine

Regulated by :

HAT = Histone Acétyle Transferase
HD = Histone Déacétylases

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13
Q

A chromatin sorrounded by HD would likely be in which confirmation?

A

HD = Histone Déacétylases
Less Acetyl = More Condensed DNA

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14
Q

What does histone phosphorylation lead to ?

A

phosphorylation ajoute de charges négatives à l’histone.
Cela empêche à l’enroulement de l’ADN autour de l’octamère d’histones

-> less condensed

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15
Q

What does histone methylation lead to and what is this controlled by?

A

Not so simple,.
PKMT, PRMT
La méthylation des histones peut être associée avec soit la répression ou l’activation de la transcription

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16
Q

H3K4me3 vs H3K9me2

A

H3K4me3: decondensation
H3K9me2: condentation

17
Q

What is the methylation target in DNA? What does this result in?

A

Usually on promoter regions (GC rich regions)→ inhibited promotors

La méthylation des Cytosines entraîne toujours une augmentation de la condensation de l’ADN

Conséquence de la méthylation d’ADN: toujours répression de la
transcription

18
Q

Épigénétique, définition

A

Changements héritables dans l’expression de gènes ou
phénotypes sans changements de la séquence d’ADN

Epigenetics refers to the study of changes in gene activity that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence1. It’s like a layer of instructions that sits on top of your genetic code and influences how genes are turned on or off1.

  1. Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence