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10 Life Science > Chromosomes And Meiosis > Flashcards

Chromosomes And Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

When is DNA replicated?

A

Interface

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2
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase one

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3
Q

Instead of the centromeres splitting during anaphase one, what splits?

A

Bivalent chromosomes

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4
Q

Define chromosomes

A

Long thread life structures that form part of the chromatin network in the nuclei of cell

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5
Q

Define meiosis

A

Cell division that takes place in the reproductive organs of plants and animals to produce gametes and spores

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6
Q

Define crossing over

A

Mutual exchange of pieces of chromosome so that the whole group of genes are swapped between maternal and paternal chromosomes

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7
Q

What is the importance of crossing over?

A

• exchange of genetic material – increases variation
• mutations – influence evolution

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8
Q

What is the importance of meiosis?

A
  1. Gametes are formed
  2. Chromosome number is kept constant
  3. Genetic variation
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9
Q

Similarities between mitosis and meiosis

A

• type of cell division
• DNA is replicated during interface
• during prophase chromosomes are short and fat

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10
Q

Define chromosome non-disjunction

A

Chromosomes failed to say parade correctly during meiosis

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11
Q

Aneuploidy

A

A zygote with an extra or missing chromosome

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12
Q

Syndrome

A

Physical or mental characteristics affect an individual

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13
Q

Diagnosis

A

Identify the nature of an event

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14
Q

Prognosis

A

Predicting how the event will develop

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15
Q

How does down syndrome occur?

A

During Genesis the number 21 chromosomes do not separate properly during phase one. Both go into one instead of in each of the two cells

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16
Q

Define a karyotype

A

Ace of chromosomes in a cell

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17
Q

What does a karyotype show?

A

Number, shape and size of chromosomes during meta phase of mitosis

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18
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

The nucleus of the cell

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19
Q

Define chromatin network

A

Chromosomal material made up of DNA, RNA and his stone proteins as found in non-dividing cells

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20
Q

Why is DNA an important part of chromosomes?

A

It makes up the chromatin network

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21
Q

What is DNA?

A

A double stranded molecule that produces exact copies of itself and encourage genetic information

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22
Q

What is extra nuclear DNA?

A

Occurs in the mitochondria and chloroplast

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23
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

• Sugar - deoxyribose
• phosphate molecule
• nitrogenous basis

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24
Q

Define the nitrogenous bases

A

• Adenine
• Thymine
• Cytosine
• Guanine

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25
What are the use of the full bases?
Foundation of the genetic code which instruct cells on how to synthesise enzymes and other proteins
26
What is the bond like between the sugar and the phosphate links?
Strong
27
What is the bond between the sugar and phosphate links?
Strong
28
What is the bond between the different bases?
Weak hydrogen bond
29
How are the bases classified?
• Purines • Pyrimidines
30
What are purines?
Two fused rings of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen – A, G
31
What are pyrimidines?
One ring of similar atoms which are much smaller – T, C, U
32
What determines the genetic code?
Sequence of the nucleotides
33
What is the role of DNA?
• carry hereditary information in each cell • provide provides blueprint for an organisms growth and development – code for protein synthesis • can replicate to give information to the daughter cell
34
What does non-coding DNA form?
Functional RNA molecules which have regulatory functions
35
Define replication
Process of making a new DNA molecule from an existing DNA molecule that is identical to the original molecule
36
Why is replication necessary?
DNA needs to produce another molecule that is exactly the same so that the genetic code can be passed on to each daughter during cell division
37
What is DNA replication catalysed by?
DNA polymerase
38
What are your free nucleotides in during replication?
Nucleoplasm
39
Where is mitochondria DNA found?
Cytoplasm
40
Why does the mitochondria DNA come from the mother?
Comes from the egg cell – oocyte
41
How is RNA formed?
Made by DNA in the nucleus
42
What is the Cambridge reference sequence?
Source of information of human mitochondria DNA commonly found in people of European descent
43
What are DNA profiles used for?
• reconstruct family maternal linked relationships • investigate forensic cases where chromosome or DNA was degraded • to investigate if siblings have the same mother
44
Different types of RNA
• messenger RNA • transfer our name • ribosome RNA
45
Where is Mesenger RNA formed?
Nucleus
46
What enzyme catalyses transcription?
RNA polymerase
47
What takes place during transcription?
DNA transcribe is it genetic code to M RNA by two strands of the DNA separating and the enzyme attaching to it creating a new template which carries the code
48
Where does the mRNA move to?
Moves along the pores of the nuclear membrane and carries the genetic code to the ribosomes
49
What are the ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
50
What determines the kind of protein?
Order of AA
51
What is the sequence of AA determined by?
Genetic code transcribed by the DNA to the RNA
52
What codes for AA?
CODONS
53
What does not code for AA?
Stop codons
54
What are codons?
Triplets code of bases that are the basis of the genetic code
55
What do genes made up of a group of codons do you?
Code for protein synthesis
56
What does the tRNA do?
Anticodons pick up a specific amino acid found in the cytoplasm and transfer it to the ribosome
57
What is an important feature of tRNA?
Binds to an amino acid at one end and the mRNA at the other end. Deposit amino acids in its correct position to form a specific protein
58
Define translation of RNA
Processed by which a specific protein is fallen from a chain of amino acid due to the sequence of the codon in the mRNA which was coded by the DNA
59
What does the anticodon basis link up with during translation?
Complementary code on base
60
What do the amino acid form when they link together?
Polypeptide chain by a peptide brand
61
What is the role of rRNA?
Together with proteins and forms ribosomes
62
What does R RNA plan an important role in?
Controlling the processes of protein synthesis
63
Define mutations
Alterations in the genetic make-up of an organism
64
Define mutagens
Physical or chemical agents that induce and speed up mutations in DNA
65
Define gene mutations
Small, localised changes in the structure of DNA strand
66
What are changes in the single nucleotide cord?
Point mutations
67
When do point mutations occur?
• substitution • insertions • deletions

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