Endocrine System

Question 1

Define hormone

Answer 1

Organic chemical substance (protein/steroid) secreted by an endocrine gland and carried in the bloodstream to the target organ where it regulates metabolic reactions

Question 2

Define target organ

Answer 2

Only affects certain cells can be single gland or organs

Question 3

What detects an increase in osmolarity?

Answer 3

Osmo receptors

Question 4

What is osmolarity

Answer 4

Low water levels

Question 5

Where is the water from that is reabsorbed back into the blood?

Answer 5

The collecting ducts of the kidney

Question 6

What is another name the pituitary gland?

Answer 6

Hypophysis

Question 7

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 7

Stimulate your thyroid to release thyroxine

Question 8

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 8

Oogenesis —> formation of ova in the ovary
Spermatogenesis —> formation of sperm in the testes

Question 9

Luitenizing hormone LH

Answer 9

Stimulate ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum

Question 10

Prolactin

Answer 10

Production of milk from the mammary glands

Question 11

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 11

Adrenal cortex to release Cortizone and aldosterone

Question 12

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Answer 12

Stimulate testes to release testosterone

Question 13

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 13

Promotes skeletal and muscular growth from the synthesis of proteins

Question 14

What is another name for your growth hormone?

Answer 14

Somatotrophic hormone

Question 15

Growth disorders in the pituitary gland

Answer 15

1. Gigantism
2. Dwarfism
3. Acromegaly

Question 16

What element is essential in the production of thyroxine?

Answer 16

Iodine

Question 17

Define basal metabolic rate

Answer 17

Amount of energy the body needs to keep functioning at rest

Question 18

Name the disorders that occur in the thyroid gland

Answer 18

Hypo: myxoedema, cretinism
Hyper: treated with iodine supplements/synthetic iodine

Question 19

Define homeostasis

Answer 19

Process of maintaining the internal environment in a constant optimal state, despite constant changes in the external environment

Question 20

Define negative feedback mechanism

Answer 20

A control mechanism whereby a change from the side point of any factor is corrected by bringing a change in the opposite direction

Question 21

What is the receptor in diabetes?

Answer 21

Pancreas

Question 22

How does insulin aid glucose to enter the cells?

Answer 22

It makes the cell membrane of the liver and muscle cells more permeable to glucose

Question 23

What are the target organs for insulin?

Answer 23

Liver and muscle cells

Question 24

What is the effect in terms of insulin?

Answer 24

Liver and muscle cells

Question 25

What are the target cells in terms of glucagon?

Answer 25

Only liver cells

Question 27

What is the role of glucagon?

Answer 27

Causes a breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose

Question 28

What are your adrenal glands made up of?

Answer 28

1. Adrenal cortex 2. Adrenal medulla

Question 29

What does the adrenal cortex secrete

Answer 29

A group of steroid hormones which are aldosterone, Cortizone and reproduction hormones

Question 30

What is the function of aldosterone

Answer 30

Causes an increase in the absorption of sodium ions in the filtrate of your kidneys nephrons. Simultaneously plays a role in the movement of the potassium irons out of the filtrate

Question 31

What does aldosterone regulate?

Answer 31

Electrolytic levels of body fluids

Question 32

What is aldosterone vital for?

Answer 32

Osmo regulation

Question 33

What is the role of cortisol?

Answer 33

Increases the bodies ability to resist stress Anti-inflammatory Anti-allergic

Question 34

What hormone does the adrenal Medalla secrete?

Answer 34

Adrenaline

Question 35

What is the role of adrenaline?

Answer 35

Prepares the body for action when inside in danger or excitement 

Question 36

What are the function of oestrogen?

Answer 36

• increase rate of physical growth during puberty • secondary sex characteristics • maturation of reproductive organs in its functional state

Question 37

What does oestrogen and progesterone do together?

Answer 37

• promote psychic changes in the endometrium which pays a role in the manual cycle • prepares the endometrium for pregnancy by making it more glandular and vascular. The cells are swollen with nutrients

Question 38

What does increase oestrogen levels lead to?

Answer 38

Prohibits the secretion of FSH and LH

Question 39

What is the function of progesterone?

Answer 39

• maintain the endometrium in a functional state during pregnancy • keep smooth muscle of the uterus wall relaxed during pregnancy

Question 40

What is the function of testosterone?

Answer 40

• increase rate of physical growth during puberty • secondary sex characteristics • maturation of reproductive organs in its functional state • sex drive

Question 41

Use of hormones in sport

Answer 41

1. Growth hormone 2. Anabolic steroids 3. Erythropoietin

Question 42

Anabolic steroids

Answer 42

Testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone

Question 43

What are androgenic anabolic steroids?

Answer 43

Specialised derivative of testosterone

Question 44

What is the function of erythropoietin?

Answer 44

Increases improve oxygen carrying capacity of blood and 15% improvement in endurance

Question 45

Where does erythropoietin occur?

Answer 45

Naturally occurring hormone in the kidney which regulates red blood cell formation

Question 46

What is the negative effect of cortisol and sport?

Answer 46

Increase levels have a catabolic effect on the muscle tissue. It means that your muscles cannot recover until your cortisol decreases which only happens during rest

Question 47

What is the negative effect of cortisol on your feelings?

Answer 47

• reduced activity of immune system means you can become ill • reduced bone formation • reduced protein production • reduced ability to remember information that has been stored