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Biology > circu;atory system save my exams > Flashcards

circu;atory system save my exams Flashcards

1
Q

need for a ciruclatory system

A

constant supply of reactants for metabolism
oxygen and glucose directly from their surroundings, and the molecules can diffuse to all parts of the cell quickly due to short diffusion distances
mass transport system, for example
The digestive system is connected to the circulatory system

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2
Q

definition mass transport

A

bulk movement of gases or liquids in one direction, usually via a system of vessels and tubes

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3
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood is pumped around the body and is always contained within a network of blood vessels
All vertebrates and many invertebrates have closed circulatory systems

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4
Q

systematic closed circulatory system

A

Humans have a closed double circulatory system: in one complete circuit of the body, blood passes through the heart (the pump) twice
The right side of the heart pumps blood deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange; this is the pulmonary circulatory system
Blood then returns to the left side of the heart, so that oxygenated blood can be pumped efficiently (at high pressure) around the body; this is the systemic circulatory system

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5
Q

pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, towards the lungs

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6
Q

pulomary vein

A

carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs, towards the heart

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7
Q

coronary arteries

A

supply the heart with oxygenated blood

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8
Q

aorta

A

carries oxygenated blood out of the heart and to the rest of the body

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9
Q

vena cava

A

carries deoxygenated blood into the heart

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10
Q

renal artery

A

supplies the kidneys with oxygenated blood

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11
Q

renal vein

A

carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys, towards the heart

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12
Q

when do valves in the heart open

A

when the pressure of blood behind them is greater than the pressure in front of them

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13
Q

when do valves in the heart close

A

when the pressure of blood in front of them is greater than the pressure behind them

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14
Q

why are vealves important

A

keeping blood flowing forward in the right direction and stopping it flowing backwards. They are also important for maintaining the correct pressure in the chambers of the heart

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15
Q

atrioventricularvalve

A

The right atrium and right ventricle are separated by the atrioventricular valve,

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16
Q

pulmonary valve

A

The right ventricle and the pulmonary artery are separated

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17
Q

bicuspid valve

A

The left atrium and left ventricle are separated by the mitral valve, which is otherwise known as

18
Q

vena cava and pul vein

A

bringing blood to the heart;

19
Q

two blood vessels taking blood away from the heart

A

pulmonary artery and aorta

20
Q

coronary arteries

A

The heart is a muscle and so requires its own blood supply for aerobic respiration
The heart receives blood through arteries on its surface, called coronary arteries
It’s important that these arteries remain clear of plaques, as this could lead to angina or a heart attack

21
Q

why the left ventricle is thicker

A

blood leaving the right ventricle travels less distance than blood leaving the left ventricle
The blood pumped out from the right ventricle travels to the lungs, whereas blood leaving the left ventricle has to travel to the rest of the body to deliver oxygen for respiration.
To reach the rest of the body, the blood leaving the left ventricle must be under high pressure
This is generated by the contraction of the muscular walls of the left ventricle
The right ventricle generates less pressure from the contraction of its thinner walls, as blood only has to reach the lungs

22
Q

why left atrium is thinner

A

pressure generated by their contraction is low. Low pressure is sufficient because blood is forced only a short distance; from the left atrium down to the left ventricle. The muscular walls of the left ventricle are much thicker and generate much higher pressure, as shown on the graph. This is because much more pressure is generated when this thick muscle contracts and squeezes blood with enough force to reach the rest of the body

23
Q

contraction

A

decrease in volume in the corresponding chamber of the heart, which then increases again when the muscle relaxes

24
Q

when volume decreases what happens to pressure

A

increases

25
Q

valves and pressure

A

Valves open when the pressure of blood behind them is greater than the pressure in front of them
They close when the pressure of blood in front of them is greater than the pressure behind them
Valves are an important mechanism to stop blood flowing backwards

26
Q

atrial systole

A

walls of the atria contract
Atrial volume decreases
Atrial pressure increases
forcing the atrioventricular (AV) valves open
Blood is forced into the ventricles
There is a slight increase in ventricular pressure and chamber volume as the ventricles receive the blood from the atria
ventricles are relaxed at this point; ventricular diastole coincides with atrial systole

27
Q

ventricular systole

A

walls of the ventricles contract
Ventricular volume decreases
Ventricular pressure increases
forces the AV valves to close, preventing back flow of blood
pressure in the ventricles rises
SL) valves open so blood is forced into the arteries and out of the heart

28
Q

diastole

A

entricles and atria are both relaxed
ressure in the ventricles drops below that in the aorta and pulmonary artery, forcing the SL valves to close
The atria continue to fill with blood
Blood returns to the heart via the vena cava and pulmonary vein
Pressure in the atria rises above that in the ventricles, forcing the AV valves open
Blood flows passively into the ventricles without need of atrial systole
The cycle then begins again with atrial systole

29
Q

what happens to atriventricular valves and semi lunar in atrial systole

A

open
closed

30
Q

what happens to atrioventricylar valves and semi lunar valves in ventricular systole

A

closed
open

31
Q

what happens to atrioventricular valves and semi lunar valves in diastoled

A

open
closed

32
Q

arteries

A

transport blood away from the heart

33
Q

veins

A

ransport blood to the heart

34
Q

arterioles

A

arteries branch into narrower blood vessels called arterioles which transport blood into capillaries

35
Q

artery strcutre

A

wall of the artery is relatively thick with layers of collagen, smooth muscle and elastic fibres
The elastic fibres allow the artery wall to expand around blood surging through at high pressure when the heart contracts, these fibres then recoil when the heart relaxes – this alongside a narrow lumen maintains high blood pressure

36
Q

vein strucutre

A

wall of the vein is relatively thin with thinner layers of collagen, smooth muscle and elastic fibres
The lumen of the vein is much larger than that of an artery
Veins contain valves that prevent the backflow of blood, helping return blood to the heart

37
Q

arterioles structure

A

lower proportion of elastic fibres and a large number of muscle cells
The presence of muscle cells allows them to contract and close their lumen to stop blood flow

38
Q

strucutre of capillaries

A

very small diameter (lumen)
branch between cells
Substances can diffuse between the blood and cells quickly as there is a short diffusion distance
only one cell thick
cells of the wall have gaps called pores which allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid

39
Q

formation of tissue. fluid

A

hydrostatic pressure is great enough to push molecules out of the capillary
Proteins remain in the blood; the increased protein content creates a water potential between the capillary and the tissue fluid
However, overall movement of water is out from the capillaries into the tissue fluid

40
Q

what is tissue fluid

A

Exchange of substances between cells and the blood occurs via the tissue fluid
For example, carbon dioxide produced in aerobic respiration will leave a cell, dissolve into the tissue fluid surrounding it, and then diffuse into the capillary

Biology (48 decks)

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