Circulaory System and classification of organisms

Question 1

Why do you mammals need a double circulatory system

Answer 1

They have a high metabolism

Also stop the capillaries from bursting in the lungs

Question 2

Tunica External

Answer 2

The tough outer layer (strength)

Mainly of collagen

Question 3

Tunica media

Answer 3

Stretches and recoils to increase and decrease pressure

Thicker in the artery

Question 4

Tunica interna

Answer 4

Moved to prevent friction

Thin to allow diffusion

Question 5

Lumen

Answer 5

Blood flows through

Wider in vein

Question 6

Features of an artery

Answer 6

Thick muscle layer
Thick elastic layer
Thick wall

Question 7

Features of a vein

Answer 7

Thin muscle layer
Thin elastic layer
Small wall
Valves

Question 8

Features of a capillary

Answer 8

Extremely thin
Highly branched 
Narrow lumen 
Spaces between lining (endothelial cells) 
Allow white blood cells to pass

Question 9

How is tissue fluid formed

Answer 9

1. Water is drawn out of the capillaries VIA OSMOSIS from the arteriole end due to high hydrostatic pressure
2. Proteins are too large to pass through the capillary
3. The water potential in the capillary is lower than that in the tissue fluid
4. Water moves from the tissue fluid to the capillary down a water potential gradient

Question 10

What is the role of the lymph

Answer 10

Tissue fluid that cannot be returned into capillaries travels through vessels that begin in the tissues
Smaller-> larger vessels
Picks up excess fluid and drains to the vena cava (close to heart)

Question 11

What are lymph ducts

Answer 11

Open ended tubes with valves

Question 12

How does fluid move through the lymph ducts

Answer 12

Hydrostatic pressure

Contraction of body muscles

Question 13

What are the role of Venus valves

Answer 13

Ensures no backflip in the veins due to low pressure

Question 14

What is the order of the hierarchy?

Answer 14

Kingdom (Animalia) 
Phylum (Chordata-with a nervous system) 
Class (mammalia)
Order (Carnivora) 
Family (feildae) 
Genus (panthera)
Species (panthera Tigris)

Question 15

What is the binomial system

Answer 15

Used for naming species (usually two Greek/latin names)

Question 16

What are homologous characteristics?

Answer 16

Organisms with a shared evolutionary link

Question 17

What is phylogeny

Answer 17

The study of organisms with s shared evolutionary link

Question 18

What is DNA hybridisation

Answer 18

1. DNA from two species are cut and heated (87*) to break hydrogen bonds and separate the polynucleotide strands
2. The strands from the two species cool together and join together (reannel) to form a hybrid strand
3. The temperature at which the two strand separate when reheated is measured
4. The closer to 87* they are, the more closely related as there are more complementary base pairs and therefore hydrogen bonds

Question 19

What is taxomy

Answer 19

The science of classifying organisms

Question 20

What amount of data is within 1SD

Answer 20

68%

Question 21

What amount of data is within 2SD

Answer 21

95%

Question 22

What is DNA base sequencing

Answer 22

More bases matching means more closely related

Question 23

What is animo acid sequencing

Answer 23

Less difference in amino acid sequence means more closely related

Question 24

What is albumin

Answer 24

A protein found in blood

Question 25

What is immunological comparison

Answer 25

1. human blood plasma, containing albumin, is injected into another species (eg. Rabbit) 2. The rabbit produces antibodies 3. Serum from the rabbit, containing antibodies, is mixed with serum from another species 4. Antibodies will attach to corresponding antigens= precipitate 5. The more precipitate= more closely related (more similar proteins

Question 26

What is the use of courtship

Answer 26

- stimulates the release of gametes - recognises members of the opposite gender - indicates sexual maturity

Question 27

What are the features of a transport system

Answer 27

Transporting fluid (e.g. Blood)-often water-based = dissolve substances A close system of tubular veins - (branched) distributed to all parts of animal Form of mass transport-in bulk and over large distances Controlling flow (valves and pressure difference)- controlling direction and movement of flow

Question 28

What is hierarchy

Answer 28

Groups within larger groups | Do not overlap

Question 29

Why are frogs eggs affected by pesticides

Answer 29

LSA cannot diffuse Eggs cannot move out of water Pesticides absorbed by permeable outer layer

Question 30

Why would there be a lower index diversity

Answer 30

Less numbers of species Less members of species Only one predominant species