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Biology Unit 2 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

0
Q

Interspecific variation

A

Differences between different species

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1
Q

Random sampling

A

Something a population to eliminate bias

E.g. Grid square and coordinates

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2
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

Differences between members of the same species

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3
Q

Standard deviation

A

Indicates variation around a mean value

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4
Q

A normal distribution curve

A

A bell shaped curve

Graph is symmetrical

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5
Q

Nucleotide

A

A section of DNA made up of sugar, phosphate and a base

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6
Q

Complementary

A

A-T

C-G

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7
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for making a polypeptide

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8
Q

Triplet code

A

Three bases code for an amino acid

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9
Q

Chromosome

A

I threadlike structures are made up of proteins and DNA

Passes hereditary information

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10
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

Two chromosomes determining the same characteristic

One from mother, one from father

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11
Q

Allele

A

One of the different forms of a gene

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12
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces 4 haploid, genetically different, daughter cells

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13
Q

Locus

A

The position of a gene on chromosome

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14
Q

Independent segregation

A

Homologous pairs randomly separate during meiosis 1, into separate cells

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15
Q

Crossing over

A

The process with chromatids break and rejoin with their homologous chromosomes to exchange alleles

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16
Q

Selective breeding

A

Breeding individuals with desired characteristics together and selecting the offspring show the desired characteristics

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17
Q

The founder effect

A

A few individuals colonise a new region, carrying a small amount of alleles of the larger population

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18
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

A drop in the allele variety due to a large decrease in population size

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19
Q

Affinity

A

How easily oxygen is taken up

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20
Q

Associating loading

A

The process by which haemoglobin combines with oxygen in the lungs

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21
Q

Disassociating unloading

A

The process by which haemoglobin releases oxygen in the tissues

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22
Q

Starch

A

The storage molecule in plants
Coiled
Insoluble
Can be hydrolysed to form alpha glucose

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23
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage molecule and animals
Short chains
Easily hydrolysed into Alpha glucose

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24
Cellulose
Parallel chains of beta glucose joined by hydrogen bonds | Forms microfibrils for strength
25
Chloroplasts
Organelle in plant cells containing grana, thylakoids and stroma Photosynthesis occurs here
26
Semiconservative replication
The way DNA makes exact copies of itself by winding the double helix Each chain acts as a template for the new strands
27
Mitosis
Cell division with two daughter cells are produced and have the same number of chromosomes as the parent
28
Haploid cells
Cells with half the number of chromosomes
29
Diploid cells
Cells with a full set of chromosomes
30
Cell cycle
``` So is regular cycle of division followed by periods of growth Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
31
Cell differentiation
Cells become specialised in the structure to suit their roles Allele switch on and off
32
Tissue
The collection of similar cells that form a specific function
33
Organ
A combination of tissues, coordinated to perform a variety of functions
34
Organ systems
Organs working together as a single unit
35
Spiracles
Pores on the body surface of insects that open and close to allow gases to to diffuse in and out
36
Gill lamellae
Parts of fish gills that increase the surface area with blood flows through for gas exchange
37
Counter current exchange
Blood and water flowing opposite directions to maintain a diffusion gradient
38
Stomata
Pores on the underside of the leaf and can be open and closed by guard cells
39
Double circulatory system
Blood passes through the heart twice on the full circuit of the body
40
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
41
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
42
Tissue fluid
Fluid that surrounds the cells of the body | Provides nutrients to the cells and remove waste products
43
Ultrafiltration
Filtration assisted by blood pressure
44
Apoplastic pathway
A route through the cells by which water and minerals are transported into the plant
45
Symplastic pathway
A route through the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata of plant cells by which water and minerals are transported
46
Cohesion
Water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds
47
Cohesion tension
Transpiration pull on the water puts the xylem under pressure
48
Xerophytes
Plants adapted to living in dry conditions
49
Species
A group of similar organisms that can break together to produce fertile offspring
50
Classification
Grouping of organisms
51
Taxonomy
The theory and practice of biological classification
52
Phylogeny
The evolutionary relationship between organisms
53
DNA hybridisation
A technique used to determine the similarities between the DNA of two different organisms Double strands form or the one strand from each species,closely related organisms will share complementary bases
54
Courtship behaviour
Signals and displays between males and females of the same species to enable successful mating to occur
55
Adapt
Organisms adjust to suit the changing environment where they live
56
Mutations
Changing the base sequence of DNA
57
Conjugation
One bacterial cell transfers do you need to another bacterial cell via conjugation tube
58
Antibiotics
Substances that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
59
Plasmids
Circular loops of DNA and bacteria
60
Biodiversity
The variety in the living world | Including number of different species and a variety of genes and the range of habitats
61
What is an intron?
A non-coding section of DNA
62
What is an extron?
A coding section of the DNA
63
Antisense strand
The DNA strands that acts as a code for forming RNA
64
degenerate code
Many triplet codes/codons form the same Amino acid
65
What are somatic cells
Body cells
66
What to consider when deciding on a same size
Cost Ethical issues Large for reliability
67
How can you use a graph to predict data
Draw a line of best fit and extrapolate

Biology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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