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BIOL114 > Circulation & Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Circulation & Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of gas Exchange

A

The uptake of oxygen from the environment, and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment

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2
Q

Why does the body need gas exchange & the circulatory system

A

To provide the oxygen necessary for aerobic cellular respiration and removes the waste product, carbon dioxide.

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3
Q

Do hydra and other cnidarians need a circulatory systme

A

No, the body wall is only a few cells thick that serves for both digestion and diffusion of substances throughout the body.

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4
Q

What do open and closed circulatory systems have in common

A

Both have circulatory fluid (blood) a set of tubes (blood vessels) and a muscular pump (the heart)

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5
Q

Function of the heart

A

Power circulation by elevating the hydrostatic pressure of the blood (blood pressure)

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6
Q

How does the open circulatory system in insects and mollusks work

A

There is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid (collectively called hemolymph). One or more hearts pump the hemolymph into interconnected sinuses surrounding the organs, allowing exchange between hemolymph and body cells.

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7
Q

Tracheal system in Insects and Mollusks

A

Larger insects ventilate their tracheal systems. They have many little holes across their body which connect to trachea and proliferate throughout the organism.

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8
Q

Why do insects need widespread tracheal system

A

An insect in flight has a very high metabolic rate, consuming to to 200 times more O2 than it does at rest

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9
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid. One or more hearts pump blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones cursing through organs. Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.

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10
Q

Worms respiratory system

A

The entire outer skin is a respiratory organ - just below the moist skin is a dense net of capillaries. The respiratory surface must be moist.

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11
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart to organs

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12
Q

Arterioles

A

Small vessels that carry blood to capillaries

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13
Q

Capillary beds

A

Networks of very thin capillaries with porous walls.

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14
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to the heart

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15
Q

What type of circulatory system do 2 chambered fish have

A

Closed circulatory system

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16
Q

What does 2 chambered mean

A

One atrium one ventricle

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17
Q

How do 2 chambered system in fish works

A

Blood is pumped from the ventricle to the gills where it picks up oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide. The gill capillaries converge into a vessel that carries oxygenated blood to capillary beds at the vein and back to the heart.

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18
Q

Metabollic rate of two chambered fish

A

Is SLOW - blood is depressurized and not repressurized causing blood pressure to substantially drop which therefore LOWERS metabolic rate.

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19
Q

Frogs circulatory system

A

3 chambered

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20
Q

3 chambered circulatory system

A

2 atria and one ventricle

21
Q

How do 3 chambered systems work

A

The ventricle pumps blood into a forked artey that splits the ventricles output into the pulmocutneous and systematic circulations.

22
Q

3.x chambered reptiles

A

Ventricle is not quite completely divided into seperate right and left chambers

23
Q

Incomplete septum

A

ALMOST separated the two ventricles

24
Q

Foramen of panizza

A

Make sure the blood doesnt go to the lungs when they are suspended in water for a long time as they are not useful.

25
Q

4 chambered mammal and bird

A

Ventricle is completely divided into separate right and left chambers

26
Q

How does a 4 chambered system work

A

The left side of the heart receives and pumps only oxygen-rich blood, while the right side handles only oxygen-poor blood.

27
Q

Most effect method of circulation

A

Double circulation

28
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Receive and pump oxygen-rich blood around the body

29
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Receive and pump oxygen poor blood to the lungs

30
Q

Left Atrium

A

Collect oxygen rich blood

31
Q

Right Atrium

A

Collect oxygen poor blood

32
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

33
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

34
Q

How to determine cardiac output

A

Beats per second x stroke volume

35
Q

Avg stroke volume for humans

A

75 mls

36
Q

How long does the average cardiac cycle take

A

0.8 seconds

37
Q

3 stages of cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular and atrial diastole (0.4 seconds)
Atrial systole and ventricular diastole (0.1 seconds)
DELAY IN SIGNAL TO CONTRACT
Atrial diastole and ventricular systole (0.3 seconds)

38
Q

How does structure of ventricle differ to aorta

A

Much thicker and contract much more strongly than atria as they have to pump blood right around the body

39
Q

Why is the left ventricle more muscular

A

Has to push oxygenated blood all around the body (limbs) rather the just the lung

40
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Creates a signal that first tells atria to contract, then goes down to the ventricles (with some delay) and they contract.

41
Q

Why does the sinoatrial node have a delay

A

If the atrium and the ventricle contracted simultaneously it wouldn’t work - the ventricles must be filled with blood before it can be pumped around

42
Q

Energy use in ecto vs endotherms

A

Endotherms use ten times as much energy as ectotherms of the same size

43
Q

What animal uses positive pressure for gas exchange

A

Frogs

44
Q

How doe positive pressure in frogs work

A

Muscles lower floor of oral cavity, enlarging it and drawing in air through the nostrils.

Nostrils and mouth close. Floor of oral cavity rises and air is forced down the trachea.

45
Q

Flow through system what animal?

A

Birds

46
Q

How does the flow through system work

A

Take air in,

47
Q

What breathing system to humans have

A

Negative pressure

48
Q

How does negative pressure in humans work

A

Pushes diaphragm downwards, expanding your body cavity and lungs. Creates a gap and air rushes into our lungs, through bronchi, bronchiolles, and alveoli (dead ends)

49
Q

How do birds exchange gasses

A

Birds have eight or nine air sacs that do not function directly in gas exchange, but act as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs.

Instead of alveoli, which are dead ends, the sites of gas exchange in bird lungs are tiny channels called parabronchi, through which air flows in one direction.

BIOL114 (13 decks)

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