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BIOL114 > Muscles & Skeletons > Flashcards

Muscles & Skeletons Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrostatic Skeleton

A

Fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment

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2
Q

Cnidarians

A

Jellyfish
1. Hydra can elongate by closing mouth
2. Muscles of gut cavity constrict
3. Water cannot be compressed
4. Therefore, decreasing cavity diameter forces length increase

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3
Q

How do flatwoms move

A

Movement results from localised muscle constriction on interstitial fluid.

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4
Q

How do nematodes move

A

Contractions of longitudinal muscles result in thrashing movements

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5
Q

Annelids

A

Use hydrostatic skeleton for peristalsis - control of form and movement using muscles to change shape of fluid filled segments

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6
Q

Structure of a worm

A

Made up of individual segments, each made up of circular and longitudinal muscle with bristles for anchorage

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7
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton pro and con

A

Pros - cushions organs for burrowing and crawling animals
Cons - Cannot support terrestrial activities off the ground (walking/running)

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8
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Hard encasement deposited on the surface of an animal

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9
Q

Molluscs

A

Snails, oysters etc
- Enclosed in CaCO3 shell
- Shell enlarged by adding to outer edge as animal grows
- Clams and bivalves hinge their shell by using muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton

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10
Q

Anthropods

A

Crickets, Bees, Xicadas
Exoskeleton is a cuticle, non-living coat secreted by epidermis

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11
Q

How do anthropods move

A

Muscles attach to knobs and plates on interior, joints have thing a flexible cuticle to allow movement

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12
Q

Anthropods cuticle composition

A

30-50% chitin and reminder is protein. Relative proportion of chitin and protein influence strength and flexibility.

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13
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Hard supporting elements such as bones buried in soft tissue

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14
Q

What kind of skeleton does a sponge have and why

A

Sponges have endoskeletons, their structure is internally reinforced by hard spicules of inorganic material or soft fibres of protein.

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15
Q

Echinoderms (kina)

A

Contains ossicles (hard plates) beneath skin that are MgCO3 and CaCO3 crystals bound together.

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16
Q

Sea stars vs Sea urchins ossicles

A

Ossicles are tightly bound in sea urchins as they have limited movement, however are loosely linked in sea stars to allow arms to change shape

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17
Q

What is a chordate

A

Vertebrates (endoskeleton)

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18
Q

Ligament

A

Connect bone to bone

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19
Q

Tendon

A

Connect muscle to bone

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20
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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21
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Limb bones, pectoral and pelvic girdles

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22
Q

Ball and socket joint (example plus movement)

A

Humerus-shoulder, Femur Pelvic.
Allows rotation in several planes

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23
Q

Hinge Joint (example plus movement)

A

Humerus-Tibia, fingers, toes, ankles
Restrict movement to a single plane

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24
Q

Pivot (example plus movement)

A

Head on neck
Allows rotation

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25
Q

How does size correlate to structure

A

Animals body structure must support its size - Large animals have and NEED different proportions to small ones.

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26
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Bundle of long fibres running parallel to length of the muscle - one fibre = one cell

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27
Q

Myofibril

A

Tubular organelle containing thin and thick filaments

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28
Q

Thin Filament

A

Consist of two strainds of actin coiled together

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29
Q

What is thick filament made of

A

Myosin

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30
Q

Why is skeletal muscle called striated muscle

A

Regular arrangement of myofilaments create a pattern of light and dark bands

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31
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contains thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments

32
Q

How do muscles contract

A

No change in filament length - thin and thick filaments overlap more.

33
Q

Sliding filament model

A

Muscle contraction is based on the interaction between actin and myosin molecules. The “head” of a myosin molecule binds to an actin filament, forming a cross-bridge and pulling the thin filament toward the centre of the sarcomere.

34
Q

Crossbridge

A

Forms when myosin head attaches to actin

35
Q

How does sliding filment theory use energy

A

Myosin head hydrolyses ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate, producing energy to allow it to propel the actin filament forward.

36
Q

Speed of sliding filaments

A
  • Each thick filament forms 350 heads. Each head forms and reforms 5 cross-bridges per second
37
Q

How much muscle contraction does glycolysis support

A

1 minute of sustained contraction

38
Q

How much muscle contraction does Aerobic respiration support

A

1 hour

39
Q

What makes a skeletal muscle fibre to contract

A

Stimulation by a motor neuron

40
Q

Why don’t myosin heads bind to binding sites at rest?

A

Myosin binding sites on thin filament are blocked by the regulatory protein, tropomyosin

41
Q

What uncovers binding sites

A

Ca2+ ions bind to the tropomyosin and uncover binding sites

42
Q

Synapse

A

Where motor neurons attach to muscle

43
Q

What changes strength of contraction

A

Rate of signals that come down, number of motor neurons being operated, size of motor unit, action potential

44
Q

What releases Ca2+ ions

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum release them around the muscle which opens up binding sites to ALLOW myosin heads to attach and detach.

45
Q

Prolonged contraction

A

Involved in maintaining posture - nervous system alternates activation along motor units in muscle (takes turns)

46
Q

Tetanus

A

State of smooth and sustained contraction produced when motor neurons deliver a volley of action potentials (smooth, not jerky)

47
Q

How does sliding filament theory create movement of bones

A

Muscles are attatched to bone by tendons and connective tissue. Muscle contraction stretches these structures, putting tension on bones.

48
Q

Slow oxidative muscle

A

Operates slowly, need oxygen as part of the pathway to get energy

49
Q

Fast oxidative

A

Fast operation, also need oxygen

50
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscles

A

No oxygen involved, fast but cannot be sustained

51
Q

Describe slow muscle fibres

A

Deliberate, slow, sustained. Less sarcoplasmic reticulum, slower calcium pumps, twitches last 5x longer

52
Q

What are slow muscle fibres used for

A

Maintenance of posture can sustain long contractions

53
Q

What are fast muscle fibres used for

A

Brief, rapid, powerful contraction

54
Q

myoglobin

A

Found in oxidative fibers. Brown-red pigment in dark muscle tissue, binds oxygen more tightly than haemoglobin to supply more oxygen.

55
Q

What determines the proportion of slow and fast fibres

A

We’re born with all three - genetic determines slow and fast but repeated high endurance activities can cause glycolytic fibres to develop into oxidative fibres

56
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Consist of striated cells like skeletal muscle
Instead of a motor neuron coming down and choosing a muscle to operate, there are rhythmic depolarisations happening which trigger action potentials without input from nervous system

57
Q

How cardiac muscle resists fatigue

A

Lots of mitochondria in its muscle cells

58
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Direct electrical coupling between cells - not associated with brain signal and has its own operation

59
Q

How does the heart contract

A

Action potential generated by a cell in one part of heart spreads and whole heart contract

60
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found mainly in walls of hollow organs, contractions are relatively slow and may be initiated by the muscles

61
Q

Is smooth muscle striated

A

Lack striations due to a different layout of actin myosin filaments

62
Q

How do smooth muscles contract

A

Stimulation from neurons (brain down) or by electrical coupling like cardiac muscle

63
Q

How do flight muscles work

A

Capable of independent rhythmic contraction - wings can beat faster than action potentials arriving from CNS.

64
Q

Barrier to locomotion

A

Overcome friction and gravity

65
Q

Locomotion

A

Active travel from place to place

66
Q

Swimming (4 points)

A
  • Overcoming gravity not a problem
  • Overcoming friction is the major problem (streamlined shape to help overcome)
  • Water is denser and more viscous than air
  • Insects and vertebrates often use legs as oars to pish against the water
67
Q

Locomotion on land (4 points)

A
  • Walking, running, hopping crawling require animals to support themself and move against gravity
  • Air poses little resistance at moderate speeds
  • Land animals expend energy to propel and keep upright
  • Thus, powerful muscles and a strong skeleton are more important than a streamlined shape
68
Q

Balance when walking

A

Have 3 feet on ground at one time for cat dog or horse

69
Q

Balance when running

A

All four feet may be off the ground but momentum keeps the body upright

70
Q

Balance/energy when crawling

A

Much of body in contact with the ground therefore requires lots of energy to overcome friction

71
Q

What does flight require

A

Wings need to develop enough lift to overcome the downward force of gravity

72
Q

How have birds adapted to flight

A

Low body mass, no bladder or teeth, streamlined shape, hollow but strong bones

73
Q

What does energetic cost of locomotion depend on

A

Mode of locomotion, size of animal, and enivroment

74
Q

Do larger or smaller animals travel more efficiently

A

Larger animals are more effecient than smaller animals specialised for the same mode of transport.

75
Q

Lowest locomotion type for energy expended per meter

A

Animals specialized for swimming expend less energy per meter travelled than equivalently sized animals specialized for flying or running

76
Q

Highest energy consumption per minute

A

flying animals use more energy than swimming or running animals with the same body mass

BIOL114 (13 decks)

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