Other

Question 1

4 parts of a scientific hypothesis

Answer 1

• Testable
• Falsifiable
• Parsimony (simple steps)
• Scope (apply to other situations)

Question 2

What is Life

Answer 2

Organised genetic unit capable of metabolism, reproduction and evolution

Question 3

How long ago did earth form

Answer 3

4.5 billion years

Question 4

Eukaryote

Answer 4

Cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

Question 5

Prokaryote

Answer 5

Cells without a nucleus

Question 6

What is an animal (5 things)

Answer 6

1. Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes
2. No cell wall
3. Nervous and muscle tissue (responsible for impulse conduction and movement)
4. Most reproduce sexually
5. Begin as zygote and transform into animal through controlled expression of HOX genes

Question 7

Phylogeny

Answer 7

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 8

Hierarchal Classification

Answer 8

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

(dear king Philip came over for good soup.)

Question 9

Why are animal cells bigger than bacteria

Answer 9

Lower chemical constraint of prokaryotes - less energy needed as they do not have to support all the organelles

Question 10

What governs the size of cell

Answer 10

Cells want to be as small as they can - easier to pick us oxygen and exchange compounds for cells with higher SA:V

Question 11

Prokaryote vs zygote

Answer 11

Prokaryotes divide to be exactly the same, Contrastingly, The zygote divides and differentiates into a diverse number of cell types

Question 12

How do animals form (zygote to organism)

Answer 12

Every cell starts with a small zygote that has the potential to develop and change into a full organism - one cell differentiates into a wide range of cell types which all perform different functions in our body.

Question 13

Plasma Membrane

Answer 13

Phospholipid bilayer
Head - hydrophillic
Tail - Hydrophobic

Flexible, allowing cell to move and migrate, enables selective passage.

Question 14

Role of Nucleus (4 things)

Answer 14

1. Store and preserve DNA
2. Organise DNA
3. Access DNA to make proteins
4. Replicate DNA for cell divison

Question 15

Structure of nucleus based on its function (protection of DNA

Answer 15

• Solid
• Surrounded by nucelus membrane which regulates passage into and out of DNA

Question 16

2 ways mutations occur

Answer 16

1. Errors during DNA replication
2. Direct damage and errors in repair (UV rays, radiation etc)

Question 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 17

RNA binds to the ER to make proteins that are destined to LEAVE the cell or to be inserted into membranes

Question 18

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 18

Proteins are sent here that need to leave the cell, they are further modified and then diffuse out of the cell through vesicles.

Question 19

Mitochondria

Answer 19

Site of cellular respiration - produce ATP from glucose which can be hydrolised to ADP to produce energy

Question 20

How did mitochondria find its place in our cells

Answer 20

Symbiotic relationship. it’s thought that mitochondria may be able to exist in isolation BUT since oxygen using, non photosynthetic eukaryotic cells need energy, and mitochondria need safety and protection, they may have migrated into cells for symbiosis.

Question 21

Function of cytoskeleton

Answer 21

involved in transport inside a cell, cellular movement, endocytosis and exocytosis,

Question 22

What is cytoskeleton

Answer 22

Network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm

Question 23

Microtubules

Answer 23

Thickest tubes
Involved in the maintenance of cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movements in cell division, and organelle movements around the cell.

Question 24

Microfilaments (actin filaments)

Answer 24

Maintenance and changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cell motility and division

Question 25

Intermediate filaments

Answer 25

Cables of fibrous proteins. -anchor nucleus and other organelles, form nuclear lamina.

Question 26

Extracellular matrix

Answer 26

Connects cells, provides tissue scaffold and polarity - made up of collagen and glycoprotein fibronectin involved in cell messaging)

Question 28

Tight Junctions

Answer 28

Barrier due to the binding of plasma membranes of neighbouring cells. (eg, tight barriers between skin cells make us watertight and protect us from the germy world)

Question 29

Gap Junctions

Answer 29

Channels from one cell to the other (ions sugars and amino acids can pass)

Question 30

Desmosomes

Answer 30

Strong adhesion - fasten cells together into "sheets" - muscle

Question 31

Microbiome

Answer 31

Collection of all microbes, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and their genes, that naturally live on and in our bodies

Question 32

Why is gut microbiome important

Answer 32

- Breaking down food - Manufacturing Vitamines - Training our immune system

Question 33

What is microbiome imbalance linked to

Answer 33

Obestiy, mood disorders, and altered immune response

Question 34

What is our microbiome influenced by

Answer 34

Diet in infancy (breastmilk vs formula) environment, antibiotics

Question 35

Why are probiotics following antibiotics essential

Answer 35

Replenish depleted microbiome

Question 36

Are bacteria in microbiome good or bad

Answer 36

Some are harmful (salmonella) while others are helpful.

Question 37

Helicobacter pylori

Answer 37

Can trigger formation og gastrointestinal ulcers BUT can have benefits for apetite regulation (all depends on immune system)

Question 38

Role of microbiome (5)

Answer 38

- Break down food - Supply gut with energy - Make vitamins (vitamin K/folic acid)) - Break down toxins - Protect against pathogens

Question 39

Microbiome is linked to... (2 things)

Answer 39

Obesity and mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression

Question 40

How can u alter microbiome

Answer 40

Consume resistant starch, probiotic, or fecal microbial transplantation

Question 41

Antibiotic effects on microbiome (3)

Answer 41

- Reduced microbial diverstiy and density - Form antibiotic resitant strains - Change attributes of microbiome