Circulatory Disturbances Flashcards
(39 cards)
What are the four factors regulating fluid exchange in capillaries?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, capillary permeability, and open lymphatic channels.
What is edema?
Accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissues.
Where is edema often first noticed?
In the ankles and legs.
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure?
The pressure pushing fluid from capillaries into extracellular space.
What is colloid osmotic pressure?
The pull of water into capillaries due to plasma proteins.
How does capillary permeability affect fluid flow?
Determines ease of fluid movement through capillary walls.
What role do lymphatic channels play in fluid balance?
They return leaked fluid from tissues back into circulation.
What causes increased capillary permeability?
Acute inflammation or systemic disease.
What causes low plasma protein levels?
Kidney disease (loss) or malnutrition (low synthesis).
What increases capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Heart failure or local venous obstruction.
What is lymphatic obstruction and what does it cause?
Blockage of lymph flow, contributing to edema.
What is acute pulmonary edema?
Rapid fluid accumulation in the lungs due to heart failure.
What causes acute pulmonary edema?
Left heart can’t keep up with right heart → increased pulmonary pressure → fluid leaks into alveoli.
What are symptoms of pulmonary edema?
Shortness of breath, especially when lying down.
What is a thrombus?
A stationary blood clot formed within a vessel.
What is an embolus?
A clot or other material that travels in the bloodstream and lodges elsewhere.
What is an infarct?
An area of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply.
What are causes of venous thrombosis?
Prolonged immobility, cramped posture, varicose veins.
What is a major complication of venous thrombosis?
Pulmonary embolism.
What is a pulmonary embolism?
A blood clot that travels to and blocks a pulmonary artery.
What symptoms occur with a large pulmonary embolism?
Cyanosis, shortness of breath, shock, possible death.
What symptoms occur with a small pulmonary embolism?
Chest pain, coughing, bloody sputum.
How are pulmonary emboli treated?
Anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin), thrombolytics, angioplasty, thrombectomy.
What is a fat embolism?
Fat globules enter circulation and obstruct lung capillaries.
