Circulatory System

Question 1

Blood flows in two main circuits

Answer 1

• Systemic circulation

* Pulmonary circulation

Question 2

Blood vessels

Answer 2

artery
vein
capillaries

Question 3

carries blood away from the heart

Answer 3

artery

Question 4

carries blood toward the heart

Answer 4

vein

Question 5

can take higher pressure

Answer 5

artery

Question 6

Artery and Vein
3 layers (from lumen side)

Answer 6

Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunica externa

Question 7

1. Endothelium
2. Basement membrane
3. Internal elastic lamina

Answer 7

Tunica interna

Question 8

Has smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Answer 8

Tunica media

Question 9

• Has elastic and collagen fibers
• Contains nerves and the vasa vasorum
• Anchors vessel to surrounding
tissue

Answer 9

Tunica externa

Question 10

Artery

Answer 10

Elastic artery
Muscular artery
Arteriole

Question 11

• Large caliber (e.g. aorta and its branches, pulmonary artery)
• Thin walls (1/10th of diameter)
• Thick tunica media with more abundant elastic fibers than smooth
muscles
• Expands during ventricular systole
• Elastic recoil of walls constricting lumen propel blood forward during
ventricular diastole
• Conducting artery

Answer 11

Elastic artery

Question 12

• Medium-sized artery (e.g. brachial artery, radial artery, femoral artery,
specific organ arteries)
• Thick walls (3/4th of diameter )
• More abundant smooth muscles than elastic fibers (up to 40 layers of
smooth muscles), always in a partial state of contraction (vascular
tone)
• Readily vasoconstricts and vasodilates to regulate blood flow, low
recoil capability
• Distributing artery

Answer 12

Muscular artery

Question 13

• Microscopic vessels which regulate blood flow into
capillary network
• Wall is 1⁄2 vessel diameter
• Tunica media has 1 -2 smooth muscle cell layers with
a precapillary sphincter at the metarteriole (most
distal region)-capillary junction
• Its small diameter and constriction of walls by smooth
muscle contraction increase resistance to blood flow
and decrease blood into capillaries
• Resistance artery

Answer 13

Arteriole

Question 14

where artery and vein would meet.

Where oxigen, carbon dioxide, nutrition exchange location.

Answer 14

capillaries

Question 15

Smallest of the blood vessels, measuring 5
-
10μm in diameter, connect arterioles and
venules
No tunica media and tunica externa
Has a single

-cell wall, the endothelium,
enables the interchange of water, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, other nutrient and waste
chemical substances driven by hydrostatic and
colloid osmotic pressures inside the capillary
and surrounding tissues (cells and interstitial
space)
Exchange vessels
RBC (diam=8μm) need to fold a little to pass
single file thru the capillaries

Answer 15

capillaries

Question 16

• Found near all the cells of the body
• Distribution dependent on the tissue’s metabolic
activity
• Higher metabolic activity (e.g. brain, muscles, liver,
kidneys, CNS), more oxygen and nutrient
requirements, the denser the capillary network vs.
lower metabolic activity tissues (e.g. tendons,
ligaments)
• Absent in epithelium, cartilage, lens and cornea

Answer 16

capillaries

Question 17

damaged veins that leads to backflow

Answer 17

varicose veins/varices

Question 18

backflows are prevented by

Answer 18

valves

Question 19

varicose veins reason

Answer 19

incompetent venous valves

there is blood backflow

Question 20

Can also be found in the

esophagus and anal canal

Answer 20

varicose veins/varices

Question 21

Main exit from left ventricle

Answer 21

AORTA

Question 22

AORTA
One continuous vessel
named into four parts

Answer 22

• Ascending
• Arch (T4-T5 disc)
• Thoracic (left of vert bodies)
• Abdominal (Up to L4)

Question 23

supplies 80% of the brain

Answer 23

Internal Carotid a

Question 24

supplies the

structures internal to the skull

Answer 24

Internal carotid a

Question 25

supplies the | structures external to the skull

Answer 25

External carotid a

Question 26

Common Carotid

Answer 26

Internal carotid | External carotid

Question 27

allows for proper blood flow from the arteries to both the front and back hemispheres of the brain.

Answer 27

Circle of Willis

Question 28

• Communicating arteries connecting the left and right anterior circulation • Anterior circulation (fr internal carotid aa) connected to posterior circulation (fr vertebral aa) via the basilar a

Answer 28

REDUNDANT BLOOD SUPPLY

Question 29

``` • Begins at the superior border of the larynx until the temporomandibular joint where it divides in the parotid gland and branches as the • Superficial temporal a • Maxilla a ```

Answer 29

``` External carotid (external to the neck) ```

Question 30

Carotid sinus has

Answer 30

baro receptor

Question 31

right direct to the heart

Answer 31

Subclavian artery

Question 32

shoulder artery

Answer 32

Subclavian artery

Question 33

Gives off the vertibral Artery and axillary Artery

Answer 33

Subclavian artery

Question 34

``` major br to the brain, passes thru the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae C6 to C1 into the foramen magnum ```

Answer 34

Vertibral Artery

Question 35

``` • Joins the vertebral a of the other side to form the basilar a ```

Answer 35

Cerebral Circle of Willis

Question 36

give 20% blood supply to the brain

Answer 36

basilar artery

Question 37

proximal stenosis of subclavian artery, resulting in retrograde flow from circle of willis to vertebral artery to supply the arm, symptoms result from hypoxia of the brain

Answer 37

Subclavian steal syndrome

Question 38

increase chance of coma or brain damage

Answer 38

hypoxia of the brain

Question 39

``` Continuation of the subclavian artery into the upper limb deep to the clavicle after the lateral border of the 1st rib, divided by the pectoralis minor m into 3: ```

Answer 39

Axillary artery

Question 40

• Continuation of the axillary artery into the arm • Superficial, passes medial to the humerus then anteriorly into the cubital fossa • Brachial a pulses can be palpated and ausculatated here when taking the blood pressure of a person.

Answer 40

Brachial artery

Question 41

• Radial and ulnar aa anastomose in the hand via superficial and deep palmar arches.

Answer 41

Palmar arches

Question 42

below thumb artery

Answer 42

Radial

Question 43

below pinky artery

Answer 43

ulnar

Question 44

supplies blood to stomach

Answer 44

Celiac trunk (T12 level)

Question 45

• 5 branches-Inferior pancreaticoduodenal, Jejunal and Ileal, Ileocolic, Right colic, Middle colic • Supplies the gut as described in their names upper abdominal

Answer 45

Superior mesenteric (L1)

Question 46

3 branches • Left colic- transverse and descending colon • Sigmoid- descending and sigmoid colon • Superior rectal- rectum lower abdominal

Answer 46

Inferior mesenteric (L3)

Question 47

(sphenoid bone) drain the ophthalmic and cerebral vv

Answer 47

cavernus sinus

Question 48

very dangerous. can cause death

Answer 48

cavernus sinus thrombosis

Question 49

biggest vein

Answer 49

inferior vena cava

Question 50

supplies liver

Answer 50

hepatic portal vein

Question 51

Results from a severe and chronic block of the portal route (e.g. thrombosis of the portal vein or liver cirrhosis)

Answer 51

portal hypertension

Question 52

portal hypertension: If dilated, the alternate systemic route may manifest with:

Answer 52

1. esophageal varices 2. hemorrhoids 3. caput medusae