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BIOL 1107 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

circulatory system consists of…

A

the heart, vessels, and fluid (blood)

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2
Q

lymphatic system

A

accessory system of vessels and organs that helps balance the fluid content of the blood and surrounding tissues and participates in the body’s defenses against invading disease organisms

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3
Q

open circulatory system

A

vessels leaving the heart release bloodlike fluid (hemolymph) directly into body spaces (sinuses) that surround organs- hemolymph reenters the heart through valves in the heart wall

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4
Q

closed circulatory system

A

the fluid (blood) is confined to blood vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid- substances are exchanged between blood and interstitial fluid- then between interstitial fluid and cells

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5
Q

_______ have open circulatory systems

A

invertebrates

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6
Q

_____ conduct blood away from the heart (at relatively high pressure)

A

artery

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7
Q

nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the blood and body tissues by diffusion across _______

A

thin walls of capillaries

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8
Q

blood returns through the hearts through ____ (relatively low pressure)

A

veins

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9
Q

Depending on the vertebrate, the heart consists of one or two ____ which receive blood returning to the heart

A

atria

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10
Q

Depending on the vertebrate, the heart consists of one or two ______, which pump blood from the heart

A

ventricles

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11
Q

Sharks and bony fish have ____ atrium and ____ ventricle

A

one, one

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12
Q

Fish have ___ chambered heart

A

2

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13
Q

amphibians have ___ atria and ___ ventricle

A

two, one

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14
Q

In amphibians, the ventricle pumps mostly oxygenated blood into a ________, which supplies most tissues of the body

A

systemic circuit

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15
Q

In amphibians, mostly deoxygenated blood is pumped to the _______, which leads to the lungs and skin

A

pulmocutaneous circuit

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16
Q

Turtles, lizards, and snakes have __ atria and __ ventricle(s)

A

two, one

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17
Q

For turtles, lizards, and snakes, the _______ carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary circuit

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18
Q

In humans, blood cells develop in ____

A

red bone marrow

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19
Q

Blood cells originate from _____ stem cells, which retain the embryonic capacity to divide

A

pluripotent

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20
Q

Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into two cell types

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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21
Q

______ stem cells give rise to erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

A

myeloid

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22
Q

_____ stem cells give rise to B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, which function in the immune system

A

Lymphoid

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23
Q

______ are important for osmotic balance and pH buffering- they are also transport hormones, therapeutic drugs, and metabolic wastes through the circulatory system

A

albumins

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24
Q

_____ transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, the immunoglobulins constitute antibodies and other immune system molecules

A

globulins

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25
______ is essential in blood clotting
fibrinogen
26
Most plasma proteins are synthesized in the _____
liver
27
immunoglobulins are synthesized by
B and T lymphocytes
28
Ions of the plasma include...
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
29
_____ are disc-like cells containing large quantities of the O2-carrying protein hemoglobin
erythrocytes
30
A ________ mechanism controls the number of erythrocytes
negative feedback
31
if blood O2 content drops, the kidneys release __________, which stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to increase erythrocyte production
erythropoietin (EPO)
32
human blood groups are determined by _____ on the surfaces of erythrocytes
antigens
33
______ eliminate dead and dying cells from the body, remove cellular debris, and defend against invading organisms
leukocytes
34
_________ are small vesicles that contain enzymes and other factors that take part in blood clotting
blood platelets
35
When blood vessels are damaged, platelets in leaking blood stick to ________ and release signaling molecules that induce additional platelets to stick to them, forming a plug
collagen fibers
36
Atrioventricular valves
between atria and ventricles
37
seminlunar valves
between ventricles and arteries leaving the heart (aorta and pulmonary arteries)
38
the right atrium receives ____ blood from the body
deoxygenated
39
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart in _______
pulmonary veins
40
Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins enters the _______
left atrium
41
the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the _____
aorta
42
the aorta gives off two _______ that branch extensively, leading to dense capillary beds that serve the cardiac muscle cells
coronary arteries
43
the blood from the capillary networks collects into veins that empty into ____
the right atrium
44
systole
ventricular contraction and emptying
45
diastole
relaxation and filling between contractions
46
The first sound of the heart heard from a stethoscope is from the...
AV valves
47
The second sound from the heart heard from a stethoscope is..
the SL valves
48
contraction of cardiac muscle cells is triggered by ______ that spread along the muscle cell membranes
action potentials
49
some crustaceans have ________ which beat under the control of signals from the nervous system
neurogenic hearts
50
animals including insects and vertebrates have _____ which maintain their contraction rhythm autonomously
myogenic hearts
51
The _______ coordinates contractions of individual cardiac muscle
sinoatrial node (SA node)
52
The SA node consists of _____________, which are specialized cells in the upper wall of the right atrium
pacemaker cells
53
The ____________ is located in the heart wall between the right atrium and right ventricle
atrioventricular node
54
Cells of the AV node are excited by the atrial wave of contraction, generating a signal that travels to the bottom of the heart via _________
Purkinje fibers
55
Electrocardiogram
electrical signals in the heart can be detected by attaching electrodes to different points on the surface of the body
56
Is the right side of the heart the pulmonary circuit or systemic?
pulmonary
57
Is the left side of the heart the pulmonary circuit or systemic?
systemic
58
What is the first thing to happen in the electrical cycle of the cardiac cycle?
pacemaker cells of the SA node send depolarization signals throughout the heart; the atria contract and the ventricles fill with blood
59
What is the second thing to happen in the electrical cycle of the cardiac cycle?
the connective tissue between the atria and ventricles blocks the depolarization signal from the SA node from going directly from the atria to the ventricles
60
What is the third thing to happen in the electrical cycle of the cardiac cycle?
the AV node becomes excited from the atria contracting; via the Purkinje fibers sends a signal to the walls of the ventricles
61
What is the last thing to happen in the electrical cycle of the cardiac cycle?
the ventricles contract; sending blood to the aorta and pulmonary arteries
62
the blood in vessels exerts ___________ pressure against the walls of vessels (blood pressure)
hydrostatic
63
What are some factors that affect blood pressure?
determined by the force and amount of blood pumped by the heart, size, and flexibility of arteries; changes in activity, temperature, body positive, emotional state, diet, medications
64
Blood pressure is highest in the ______, and drops as blood passes from ______ into _____
arteries, arteries, capillaries
65
The peak of high pressure when ______ contract is systolic blood pressure, which can be felt as a pulse
ventricles
66
hypertension
at least 140/90
67
When a small artery reaches an organ, it branches into smaller _____, which branch into _________
arterioles, capillaries
68
Capillary networks exchange substances between the blood and cells, then rejoin to form small _____
venules
69
What is special about the outer layer of the artery wall?
it is an outer layer of connective tissues- containing collagen and elastin fibers, giving the vessel recoil ability
70
What is the inner layer of flattened cells called in an artery?
endothelium
71
The volume of blood flowing through an organ is adjusted by regulating the internal diameter of the ________ of the organ
arterioles
72
The rate of flow of blood slows down in _______; and the rate of flow increases when blood returns to ________
capillaries, veins
73
Slow movement of blood through the capillaries maximizes __________
the time for exchange of substances between blood and tissues
74
________ are able to actively squeeze between the cells and pass from the blood into the interstitial fluid
Leukocytes
75
blood-brain barrier
limits the exchange between capillaries and brain tissues to molecules and ions that are specifically transported through the capillary endothelial cells
76
What two major mechanisms drive exchange of molecules and ions between capillaries and interstitial fluid?
diffusion along concentration gradients, and bulk flow
77
Total diffusion is greatest near the ________, where the concentration differences between blood plasma and interstitial fluid are highest
arterioles
78
Bulk Flow
carries water, ions, and molecules out of the capillaries through spaces between capillary endothelial cells; driven by blood pressure (higher than the pressure of interstitial fluid); bulk flow is also highest near the arterioles (pressure difference is highest)
79
Many veins have interior _____ that form one-way valves that keep blood flowing toward the heart
flaps of connective tissue
80
The thin walls of venules and veins expand and contract over a relatively wide range, allowing venules and veins to act as ____________
blood reservoirs (a place where fluid collects in the body)
81
deep vein thrombosis
lack of skeletal muscle activity can lead to blood clots
82
The volume of blood in veins is adjusted by __________ and valves
skeletal muscle contractions
83
Atherosclerosis
where smaller arterioles begin to restrict blood flow due to a progressive restriction of the arterioles lumen
84
Arteriosclerosis
Where the muscular wall of the artery begins to lose its elasticity and becomes stiff
85
Atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries can reduce or block the flow of blood to heart muscle cells causing, a what?
heart attack
86
Blockage of arteries in the brain is a common cause of...
stroke or cerebrovascular disease
87
The three main mechanisms for regulating blood pressure are controlling ______, degree of constriction of blood vessels and total volume
cardiac output
88
The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system interact to coordinate blood pressure and flow
sympathetic
89
Regulation of heartbeat strength and rate starts at ________ in the walls of blood vessels
baroreceptors
90
Signals from baroreceptors go to the _________ in the brain stem
medulla
91
The O2 blood content is detected by _________ in the aorta and carotid arteries
chemoreceptors

BIOL 1107 (7 decks)

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