Endocrine System

Question 1

How are hormones transported?

Answer 1

through the circulatory system

Question 2

What two systems regulate and coordinate distant organs?

Answer 2

endocrine and nervous system

Question 3

______ mainly controls activities that involve slower, longer-acting responses that may persist for hours, weeks, months, or even years

Answer 3

the endocrine system

Question 4

What are the four types of cell signaling that occur in the endocrine system?

Answer 4

classical endocrine signaling, neuroendocrine signaling, paracrine regulation, and autocrine regulation

Question 5

Classical endocrine signaling

Answer 5

hormones are secreted into the extracellular fluid by ductless endocrine glands, and circulate throughout the body in blood

Question 6

Only _______ of a hormone, those with receptor proteins that recognize and bind that hormone, respond to it- the hormones may either speed up or inhibit cellular processes

Answer 6

target cells

Question 7

Hormones are cleared from the body at a steady rate by enzymatic breakdown, where?

Answer 7

target cells, liver, or kidneys

Question 8

In neuroendocrine signaling, specialized neurons called _______ release a neurohormone

Answer 8

neurosecretory neurons

Question 9

The neurohormone is distributed by the ________ and elicits a response in target cells that have receptors for the hormone

Answer 9

circulatory system

Question 10

Paracrine regulation

Answer 10

a cell releases a signaling molecule that diffuses through the ECF and acts on nearby cells (regulation is LOCAL)

Question 11

Autocrine regulation

Answer 11

the local regulator acts on the same cells that produced it

Question 12

What are the four classes of hormones and local regulators?

Answer 12

amine hormones, peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and fatty acid derived molecules

Question 13

Amine hormones are involved in _______ and _________

Answer 13

endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling

Question 14

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroxine are examples of…

Answer 14

amine hormones

Question 15

Most amine hormones are based on ______

Answer 15

tyrosine

Question 16

Peptide hormones are involved in classical ________ and __________

Answer 16

endocrine signaling and neuroendocrine signaling

Question 17

What is an example of a peptide hormone?

Answer 17

growth factor

Question 18

Growth factors

Answer 18

regulate division and differentiation of many cell types; act in paracrine and autocrine signaling

Question 19

What type of signaling are steroid hormones involved in?

Answer 19

classical endocrine signaling

Question 20

Steroid hormones are derived from?

Answer 20

cholesterol

Question 21

What are types of steroid hormones?

Answer 21

aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones

Question 22

What types of signaling are fatty acid derived molecules involved in?

Answer 22

paracrine and autocrine

Question 23

What is an example of a fatty-acid-derived molecule?

Answer 23

prostaglandins

Question 24

The secretion of many hormones is regulated by negative feedback pathways- which means?

Answer 24

a product of the pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway

Question 25

The hypothalamus secretes _____

Answer 25

thyroid-releasing hormone

Question 26

in response to the thyroid-releasing hormone, the pituitary releases _________, which stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

Answer 26

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 27

Increasing thyroid hormone concentration in the blood inhibits thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion by the ________

Answer 27

pituitary

Question 28

There are four hormone groups that keep fuel levels in balance; what are they?

Answer 28

insulin and glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine and norepinephrine, and glucocorticoid hormones

Question 29

Insulin and glucagon are secreted by...

Answer 29

the pancreas

Question 30

growth hormone is secreted by ______

Answer 30

the anterior pituitary

Question 31

epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by _______ and _______

Answer 31

the sympathetic nervous system; adrenal medulla

Question 32

glucocorticoid hormones are released by_______

Answer 32

the adrenal cortex

Question 33

Hormones control cell function by...

Answer 33

binding to receptor molecules in their target cells

Question 34

small quantities of hormones can produce profound effects by _____, in which each activated protein activates a larger number of proteins for the next step in the pathway

Answer 34

amplification

Question 35

__________ steroid and thyroid hormones pass through the plasma membrane and bind to internal receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm

Answer 35

hydrophobic (can freely pass through plasma membrane)

Question 36

Can hydrophobic or hydrophilic hormones pass the membrane?

Answer 36

hydrophobic

Question 37

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 37

increases Na1 reabsorption in the kidneys when concentration of the ion falls in the blood

Question 38

in mammals, epinephrine can bind to several different G-protein-coupled receptors known as _______

Answer 38

adrenergic receptors

Question 39

hypothalamus

Answer 39

region of the brain located in the floor of the cerebrum

Question 40

pituitary gland

Answer 40

consisting of two fused lobes, is suspended below the hypothalamus by a stalk of tissue

Question 41

posterior pituitary

Answer 41

contains axons and nerve ending of neurosecretory neurons that originate in the hypothalamus

Question 42

anterior pituitary

Answer 42

contains nonneuronal endocrine cells that form a distinct gland

Question 43

Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by peptide neurohormones called ______ and _____, which are released by the hypothalamus

Answer 43

releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones

Question 44

Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones are carried in the blood from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary in a _____ that provides a critical link between the brain and the endocrine system

Answer 44

portal vein

Question 45

What is the function of releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones?

Answer 45

they regulate the anterior pituitary's secretion of hormones that control other endocrine glands and processes

Question 46

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete into the bloodstream?

Answer 46

8

Question 47

What are the anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 47

thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and endorphins

Question 48

What are the two posterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 48

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Question 49

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer 49

stimulates the thyroid gland to grow in size and secrete thyroid hormones

Question 50

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 50

triggers hormone secretion by cells in the adrenal cortex

Question 51

follicle-stimulating hormone

Answer 51

controls egg development and secretion of sex hormones in female mammals, and sperm production in males (maturation)

Question 52

luteinizing hormone

Answer 52

regulates part of the menstrual cycle in human females and the secretion of sex hormones in males

Question 53

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are both...

Answer 53

gonadotropins (they regulate the activity of the gonads)

Question 54

Prolactin

Answer 54

influences reproductive activities and parental care in vertebrates; stimulation of mammary glands during suckling leads to prolactin release

Question 55

growth hormone

Answer 55

stimulates cell division, protein synthesis, bone growth; binds to target tissues causing them to release insulin-like GF

Question 56

endorphins

Answer 56

acts as a neurotransmitter in PNS that controls pain- inhibiting the perception of pain

Question 57

antidiuretic hormone

Answer 57

stimulates kidney cells to absorb more water from urine, increasing volume of blood; released when the hypothalamus detects an increase in the blood's osmotic pressure during periods of dehydration

Question 58

oxytocin

Answer 58

stimulates ejection of milk of mammary glands; release is triggered by suckling, which sends neuronal signals to the hypothalamus; stimulates more oxytocin secretion by a positive feedback mechanism

Question 59

What are the seven major endocrine glands or tissues?

Answer 59

thyroid gland, parathyroid, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, gonads, pancreas, pineal gland

Question 60

thyroid gland

Answer 60

located in the front of the throat in humans, is shaped like a bowtie

Question 61

the thyroid gland secretes the iodine-containing hormones __________ and _________

Answer 61

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); in the cell most T4 get converted to T3

Question 62

T3 triggers _____ in amphibians

Answer 62

metamorphosis

Question 63

hypothyroidism

Answer 63

slows mental and physical processes

Question 64

hyperthyroidism

Answer 64

produces nervousness and emotional instability, insomnia, weight loss, and a rapid and irregular heartbeat

Question 65

The most common form of hyperthyroidism is ________

Answer 65

Graves' disease (characterized by inflamed, protruding eyes)

Question 66

Insufficient ____ in the diet can cause enlargement of the thyroid

Answer 66

iodine

Question 67

in mammals, the thyroid has specialized cells that secrete the peptide hormone _____, which lowers the level of Ca2+ in the blood by inhibiting release of calcium from bone

Answer 67

calcitonin

Question 68

Mammals have four _______ located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, two on each side

Answer 68

parathyroid glands

Question 69

parathyroid glands secrete _________ in response to a fall in blood Ca2+ levels

Answer 69

parathyroid hormone

Question 70

parathyroid hormone stimulates enzymes in the kidneys that convert ______ into its active form, increasing absorption of Ca2+ and phosphates from ingested food and releasing of Cq2+ from bone in response to PTH

Answer 70

vitamin D

Question 71

underproduction of parathyroid hormone causes ____ to fall, disturbing nerve and muscle function

Answer 71

Ca2+ concentration

Question 72

overproduction of parathyroid hormone results in ________

Answer 72

loss of calcium from bones and deposition in soft tissues (lungs, arteries, and kidneys)