Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Genes encode for…

Answer 1

proteins

Question 2

Alkaptonuria is caused by a mutation in the gene…

Answer 2

HGD

Question 3

What is the Central Dogma?

Answer 3

DNA, RNA, protein

Question 4

What is the function of RNA polymerase II?

Answer 4

synthesizes an RNA from a DNA template

Question 5

What is the function of RNA polymerase I?

Answer 5

synthesizes ribosomal RNA

Question 6

What is the function of RNA polymerase III?

Answer 6

synthesizes transfer RNA

Question 7

What is a chemical language created through sequencing nucleotides reading from left to right where 3 DNA nucleotides become an RNA codon (in a gene)?

Answer 7

transcriptional unit

Question 8

What is a primary transcript?

Answer 8

a completed array of three-letter codons that are sent to the ribosome to be transformed as a polypeptide

Question 9

Where does translation occur?

Answer 9

the ribosome

Question 10

What is mRNA?

Answer 10

when the gene codes for the synthesis of a protein

Question 11

How many different combinations of mRNA codons are possible?

Answer 11

64

Question 12

Cells can build __ mRNA sense codons- which implies_____

Answer 12

61, redundancy

Question 13

What is life’s primary start codon?

Answer 13

AUG (met)

Question 14

What are the stop codons?

Answer 14

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 15

permease

Answer 15

allows lactose in the cell

Question 16

beta-galactosidase

Answer 16

cleaves the bond between glucose and galactose monomer allowing glucose to move into glycolysis

Question 17

Ribosomes consist of two parts…

Answer 17

large and small ribosomal subunit

Question 18

Large ribosomal subunit

Answer 18

contains catalytic chambers where translation takes place

Question 19

Small ribosomal subunit

Answer 19

initially binds to the mRNA

Question 20

Transfer RNAs

Answer 20

bring amino acids coded for by the mRNA to the ribosome

Question 21

tRNAs have an active site called…

Answer 21

anti-codon

Question 22

tRNAs have another active site for the placement of an amino acid by an additional enzyme called…

Answer 22

amino-acetyl transferase

Question 23

Where are the amino acids bound on a tRNA?

Answer 23

a CCA on a 3’ end

Question 24

What part of the tRNA binds to the ribosome?

Answer 24

the left part of the tRNA aka the T-arm binds to the ribosome

Question 25

What is opposite the T-arm on a tRNA? What is the function?

Answer 25

the D-arm; the region where aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase binds and attaches the correct amino acid to the CCA (leaves the tRNA charged- uses ATP to charge)

Question 26

what is the function of the anticodon?

Answer 26

anticodon recognizes the mRNA sequence in translation

Question 27

Ribosomes are...

Answer 27

a complex of proteins and ribosomal RNA

Question 28

tropomyosin

Answer 28

protein involved in muscle contraction

Question 29

promoter

Answer 29

control sequence for transcription

Question 30

transcription

Answer 30

the mechanism by which information encoded in the DNA template strand is copied into a complementary RNA strand

Question 31

translation

Answer 31

uses the information encoded in the RNA copy to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide

Question 32

a protein-coding gene is transcribed into...

Answer 32

mRNA

Question 33

What is the genetic code?

Answer 33

the nucleotide information that specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Question 34

What are the 3 stages of transcription?

Answer 34

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Question 35

Initiation (transcription)

Answer 35

Molecular machinery assembles at the promoter and being synthesizing an RNA copy of the gene

Question 36

Transcription factor

Answer 36

bind to the promoter in the area of a special sequence known as the TATA box

Question 37

TATA box

Answer 37

where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded It is able to define the direction of transcription and also indicates the DNA strand to be read.

Question 38

elongation (transcription)

Answer 38

RNA polymerase II moves along the gene extending the RNA chain; DNA continues to unwind ahead of the enzyme

Question 39

termination (transcription)

Answer 39

the RNA transcript and RNA polymerase II are released from the DNA template

Question 40

Uracil pairs with

Answer 40

adenine

Question 41

Genes encoding RNAs that are not translated are called...

Answer 41

noncoding RNA genes

Question 42

A eukaryotic protein-coding gene is transcribed into a _________ that must be processed in the nucleus to produce the translatable mRNA

Answer 42

precursor-mRNA (pre-mRNA)

Question 43

The ____ is the site where ribosomes attach to mRNAs at the start of translation

Answer 43

5' cap

Question 44

proteins bind to a _________ transcribed near the 3' end of the pre-mRNA and cleave the pre-mRNA downstream of that sequence

Answer 44

polyadenylation signal

Question 45

what enzyme adds a chain of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides (poly-A tail) to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA

Answer 45

Poly(A) polymerase

Question 46

exons

Answer 46

the amino acid coding sequences that are retained in finished mRNAs

Question 47

mRNA splicing

Answer 47

removes introns from pre-mRNAs and joins exons together

Question 48

where does mRNA splicing take place?

Answer 48

spliceosome

Question 49

Which gene is alternatively spliced in smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, fibroblast, liver, and brain?

Answer 49

the alpha-tropomyosin gene

Question 50

exon shuffling

Answer 50

a process by which existing protein regions or domains are mixed into novel combinations

Question 51

How is mRNA read?

Answer 51

5' end to the 3' end

Question 52

How is a polypeptide assembled?

Answer 52

N-terminus end to the C-terminus end

Question 53

Francis Crick's Wobble Hypothesis

Answer 53

the pairing of the anticodon with the first two nucleotides of the codon is always precise, but the anticodon has more flexibility in pairing with the third nucleotide of the codon

Question 54

aminoacylation

Answer 54

addition of the correct amino acid to a tRNA

Question 55

ribosomes

Answer 55

ribonucleoprotein particles that translate mRNA into chains of amino acids

Question 56

tRNAs interact with mRNA at three binding sites on the ribosome, what are they?

Answer 56

A site, P, site, E site

Question 57

A site

Answer 57

aminoacyl-tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide binds here the aminoacyl site

Question 58

P site

Answer 58

tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain is bound here the peptidyl site

Question 59

E site

Answer 59

tRNA without an amino acid binds here at the exit site before exiting the ribosome

Question 60

Initiation (Translation)

Answer 60

components assemble on the start codon of the mRNA

Question 61

Elongation (Translation)

Answer 61

assembled complex reads the string of codons in the mRNA one at a time while joining specified amino acids into the polypeptide

Question 62

Termination (Translation)

Answer 62

complex disassembles after the last amino acid specified by the mRNA has been added to the polypeptide

Question 63

aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the codon in the A site of the ribosome- facilitated by a protein...

Answer 63

elongation factor

Question 64

a peptide bond forms between a C-terminal end of the growing polypeptide on the P site tRNA and the amino acid on the A site tRNA, catalyzed by...

Answer 64

peptidyl transferase

Question 65

_______ takes place when the A site arrives at one of the stop codons on the mRNA

Answer 65

termination (translation)

Question 66

The stop codon is read by a protein...

Answer 66

release factor or termination factor

Question 67

ribosomes continue to attach as translation continues and become spaces along the mRNA like beads on a string, forming a _____

Answer 67

polysome

Question 68

chaperones

Answer 68

helper proteins that help with folding other proteins into their functional 3-D shapes

Question 69

What 3 compartments are finished proteins sorted into within the cell?

Answer 69

the cytosol, the endomembrane system, membrane-bound organelles