circulatory system

Question 1

what cavity is heart in?

Answer 1

thoracic cavity in mediastinum

Question 2

what is the apex?

Answer 2

inferior part of heart

Question 3

what is the base?

Answer 3

posterior part of heart

Question 4

what is the heart enclosed in?

Answer 4

pericardium

Question 5

what is the fibrous pericardium and its function?

Answer 5

outermost layer, dense connective tissue
function: prevents heart from overfilling and restricts heart movements

Question 6

what is the serous pericardium?

Answer 6

folds back on itself to create two specific layers parietal and visceral

Question 7

what is the parietal layer?

Answer 7

adheres to the fibrous pericardium

Question 8

what is the visceral layer?

Answer 8

adheres to heart wall

Question 9

what is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 9

contains serous fluid

Question 10

what is the pericardial effusion?

Answer 10

too much fluid in the pericardial cavity that causes the heart to squeeze and prevents blood flow

Question 11

what is the endocardium?

Answer 11

contains endothelium covering a CT layer and lines inside of heart and covers valves

Question 12

what is myocardium?

Answer 12

cardiac muscle thickest layer

Question 13

what is epicardium?

Answer 13

visceral layer of the serous pericardium, thin serous flat serous membrane

Question 14

what is cardiac muscle?

Answer 14

only in heart, short, cylindrical cells, one or two centrally located nuclei, intercalated discs, striations

Question 14

what is the coronary sulcus?

Answer 14

groove that separates the atria from the ventricles

Question 15

what is myocardial infarction?

Answer 15

heart attack, death of heart wall due to prolonged lack of blood supply

Question 15

what is the interventricular sulcus?

Answer 15

Groove that separates left and right ventricles

Question 15

what are the chordae tendinea and its function?

Answer 15

from the papillary muscle to the 3 flaps of the right atrioventricular valve
function: prevents flap from everting into atrium

Question 16

what is plasma?

Answer 16

extracellular matrix, dissolved protein fibers and watery ground substance

Question 17

erythrocytes

Answer 17

biconcave discs, anucleate, filled with hemoglobin, transports oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells

Question 18

what are neutrophils?

Answer 18

most numerous, cytoplasm has fine pale granules, phagocytize pathogens

Question 19

what are lymphocytes?

Answer 19

cytoplasm lacks granules, located in lymphoid tissues, has three cells

Question 20

what are T-lymphocytes?

Answer 20

coordinate immune activity

Question 21

what are B-lymphocytes?

Answer 21

produce antibodies

Question 22

what are natural killer cells?

Answer 22

attack pathogens and abnormal affected/ infected cells

Question 23

what are monocytes?

Answer 23

largest leukocytes, cytoplasm lacks granules, phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris and dead cells

Question 24

what are eosinophils?

Answer 24

cytoplasm contains prominent granules that stain red, nucleus is bi-lobed, phagocytizes allergens and destroys parasitic worms

Question 25

what are basophils?

Answer 25

Make up less than one percent of leukocytes, contains big granules that stain blue, bi-lobed nucleus, releases histamine and heparin during inflammatory or allergic reactions

Question 26

what are platelets?

Answer 26

cytoplastic fragments from larger cell, anucleate, very small, assist with blood clotting

Question 27

what are veins and its function?

Answer 27

take blood to the heart, transport blood in low oxygen and high in carbon dioxide, has very thin walls and collapsible, low blood pressure, lumens larger than in arteries

Question 27

what are arteries and what do they do?

Answer 27

carry blood away from heart to other tissues, transport blood high in oxygen, relatively thick. springy wall, higher blood pressure than in veins

Question 28

what are capillaries?

Answer 28

tiny vessels that connect the smallest arteries to veins, gas exchange happens here, slightly larger than erythrocytes, have only a tunica intima

Question 29

what is the tunica media?

Answer 29

middle layer, circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers, largest layer in arteries, sympathetic innervation typically vasoconstriction

Question 29

pathway of blood?

Answer 29

heart, elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, vein, heart

Question 30

what is the tunica externa?

Answer 30

outermost layer, largest layer in viens, contains areolar connective tissue

Question 31

what is the tunica intima?

Answer 31

innermost layer, endothelium (simple squamous epithelium), and areolar connective tissue

Question 32

what are elastic arteries?

Answer 32

vessel wall contains large amount of elastic protein fibers

Question 33

what are muscular arteries?

Answer 33

less elastic than elastic arteries, more smooth muscle in the tunica media

Question 34

what are venules function?

Answer 34

Collect blood from capillaries

Question 35

what are arterioles?

Answer 35

tunica media consists of 6 or fewer layers of smooth muscle

Question 36

what are veins and their function?

Answer 36

formed when venules unite, most have valves, prevents backflow

Question 37

what is a skeletal muscle pump?

Answer 37

helps blood be pushed in veins toward heart

Question 38

what is autorhythmicity?

Answer 38

the heart itself is responsible for beating itself

Question 39

what is the sinoatrial node?

Answer 39

its in the upper wall of right atrium and its responsible for initiating the heartbeat

Question 40

where is the atrioventricular node?

Answer 40

floor of right atrium

Question 41

what is the atrioventricular bundle?

Answer 41

a bundle of conducing fibers that runs through interventricular septum

Question 42

what are purkinje fibers?

Answer 42

specialized conduction muscle cells, larger than cardiac muscle fibers, and extends through ventricle walls

Question 43

what is commotio cordis?

Answer 43

causes ventricles to flutter and no blood flow