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Human Bio > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

A

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells; removes wastes from cells (like CO2)

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2
Q

Right side of heart

A

body (atria) -> lungs (ventricle)

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3
Q

Left side of heart

A

lungs (atria) -> body (ventricle)

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4
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Prevents backflow between the right atrium and ventricle
3 cusps
flaps of thin tissue

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5
Q

Bicuspid valve

mitral valve

A

Prevents backflow between the left atrium and ventricle
2 cusps
flaps of thin tissue

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6
Q

Chordae Tendinae

A

Heart strings that attach to valves

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7
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Contract to pull on the chordae tendonae to open the valves

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8
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Sequence of events that occurs in one complete beat of the heart

PHASES
Systole - heart muscle contracts -> pump blood
Diastole - heart chambers relax -> fill with blood (AV valves open)

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9
Q

Types of Systole

A

Atrial systole -> atria contract forcing blood into ventricles (AV valves open)

Ventricular systole -> ventricles contract forcing blood into aorta or pulmonary arteries (semilunar valves open)

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10
Q

How is Blood pressure measured

A

sphygmomanometer

Larger number - systolic bp

Smaller number - diastolic bp

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11
Q

Carotid artery

A

heart -> head
internal and external

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12
Q

Jugular vein

A

head -> heart
internal and external

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13
Q

Mesenteric

A

Heart -> intestine

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14
Q

Role of blood

A
  • carries oxygen and nutrients to individual cells
  • remove carbon dioxide and other wastes
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15
Q

Blood composition

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements (blood cells & platelets)

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16
Q

Plasma

A

main way requirements and wastes are transported around the body

  • liquid pale yellow colour part of blood
  • mixture of water (91%) and dissolved substances (nutrients & gases)
  • carries hormones & antibodies around body
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17
Q

Red blood cells

A

a.k.a. Erythrocytes

- transport oxygen and co2
- biconcave disc filled with haemoglobin which binds oxygen to carry it around body
- increases surface area to allow more oxygen
- flexible so it can fit through capillaries
- don’t have nucleus -> more room for haemoglobin
- live for approx 120 days

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18
Q

White blood cells

A

a.k.a. leucocytes
all types play a role in protecting body from infection
- larger than RBC but fewer in number
- has a nucleus that determines the type
- can live from a few minutes to years - depending on if we have infection

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19
Q

Where are the blood cells produced?

A

Red bone marrow

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20
Q

Platelets

A

a.k.a. Thrombocytes

  • irregular small cell fragments
  • no nucleus
    - adhere to lining of injured blood vessel to form a scaffold for the coagulation of blood to form a clot
  • lives about 7 days
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21
Q

Antigen

A

Marker on the outside of the cell membrane that allows cells to identify each other

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22
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins made in response to an antigen; it combines with the antigen to neutralise or destroy it

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23
Q

Agglutination

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A

Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells due to an antigen-antibody interaction.

This gets the blood cells stuck in capillaries

24
Q

Semilunar valves

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A

between ventricles and arteries
3 cusps

25
What makes the heartbeat sound
the valves closing
26
What is the heart
the pump that pushes blood around the body
27
Heart structure
- between lungs, slightly to the left - approx 12cm long - walls is cardiac muscle - enclosed by pericardium membrane *(holds heart in place, allows it to beat, prevents from overstretching)*
28
Double pump purpose
Blood is pumped twice through heart as it **loses pressure** after going to **lungs**
29
Pulmonary circulation
Heart pumps blood to the lungs to get oxygen and remove carbon dioxide and then back to heart
30
Systematic circulation
Heart pumps blood to the rest of the body to deliver oxygen and bring carbon dioxide back to the heart
31
Arteries | walls, muscle, lumen, pressure
**away** from heart *mostly oxygenated* - muscular - elastic fibres - smooth muscle - small lumen - variable pressure
32
Elastic fibres in artery
- stretch to accomodate extra bp at high pressure - recoil when ventricles relax (bc pressure decreases)
33
Smooth muscle in arteries | vasoconstriction and vasodilation
*contract or relax to regulate blood flow* **vasoconstriction** - smooth muscle contracts - reduces blood flow to organs **vasodilation** - smooth muscles relax (blood vessels dialte) - increases blood flow to organs
34
Veins
**towards** heart *mostly deoxygenated blood* - not many muscular or elastic fibres *(can't vary diameter)* - large lumen - bp is constant and relatively low ***(blood loses most pressure through capillary bed)*** - many veins have valves
35
Smaller arteries
arterioles
36
Smaller veins
venules
37
Capillaries
- *network of microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules* - one cell thick -> carry blood very close to cell for efficient exchange
38
Sinoatrial node
located in the wall of right atrium below superior vena cava
39
Atrioventricular node
Located near the two atria near the ventricular valves
40
How do the nodes regulate heart rate?
they are capable of initiating nerve impulses without outside influence of a nervous system
41
Sequence of events in a heartbeat
- SA node sends out impulses that spread through atria - stimulus reaches AV node, same time contraction of atrium begins - AV node sends out impulses which travel down fibres in septum, then fibres divide into 2 branches and then to a network of fine nerve fibres for each ventricle - impulses spread through muscles of ventricles -> contraction begins
42
Heart rate
number of times heart beats per min
43
Stroke volume
Volume of blood forced from the ventricles with each contraction
44
Cardiac output
amount of blood leaving one of the ventricles each minute ***cardiac output (mL/min) = heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL)***
45
Blood pressure
force blood exerts on walls of arteries
46
Factors affecting blood pressure
- cardiac output (more = more pressure) - diameter of vessels (constriction increases pressure) *any increase in heartrate will also increase bp and vice versa*
47
Where are RBC destroyed
in the liver and spleen
48
Types of WBC
- neutrophils - monocytes - lymphocytes - basophils - eosinophils
49
Neutrophils
***most common*** engulf pathogens by **phagocytosis** and digest them with **enzymes**
50
Monocytes
circulate in blood **form other cells** *(like macrophages - engulf pathogens and aged/damaged cells by phagocytosis)*
51
Lymphocytes
**Involved in immune response** - cell-mediated immunity uses T-lymphocytes - antibody-mediated immunnity uses B-lymphocytes
52
Basophils
responsible for **allergic reactions** produce heparin and histamine to fight against parasites and bacteria
53
Eosinophils
lead to **inflammatory responses** respond to larger parasites (e.g. worms)
54
Structure of granulocytes
granular cytoplasm lobed nucleus
55
Monocytes and lymphocytes structure
- spherical nucleus - agranular cytoplam

Human Bio (8 decks)

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