Respiratory System

Question 1

Breathing

Answer 1

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs

Question 2

Respiration

Answer 2

Chemical reaction that occurs in cells converting oxygen into usable energy for the cell

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 3

Function of the respiratory system

Answer 3

• take in oxygen from external environment
• pass out carbon dioxide as waste

Question 4

2 Zones

Answer 4

Conducting zone
- nose/nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea

Respiratory zone
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli

Question 5

Pharynx

Answer 5

The soft part on the top of the throat

Also used to pass food from mouth into oesophagus

Question 6

Larynx

Answer 6

• passes air to trachea
• voice box allows for speech (vibration of vocal chords)

Question 7

Nose/nasal cavity function

Answer 7

• Filters, warms and moistens air in preperation to lungs

Question 8

Trachea

Answer 8

• C-shaped band of cartilage -> flexibility & support
• lined with mucus membrane & cilia -> traps solid particles
• cilia beat to move mucus and trapped particles upwards

Question 9

Bronchi

Answer 9

Contains cartilage rings and ciliated mucus membranes
- divides into 2 primary bronchi, then further into secondary and tertiary bronchi -> cartilage gets more spread out, smooth muscle and elastin form more

Question 10

Bronchioles

Answer 10

• Fine smooth tubes
  - smooth muscle & elastin -> allows more control airflow (expands for more)
• cilia and mucus present

Question 11

Alveoli

Answer 11

• Tiny air sac found in clusters at the end of bronchioles
• location of gas exchange (O2 & CO2)
• thin walls & surrounded by blood capillaries
• cells secrete alveolar fluid to keep surface moist (fluid contains surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing)

Question 12

Intercostal muscles

Answer 12

• muscles between ribs
• external & internal
• pull up & outwards when contracted

Question 13

Diaphragm

Answer 13

• flat muscle under lungs
• flattens to increase chest cavity

Question 14

Inspiration

Answer 14

Diaphragm contracts and flattens -> chest cavity extends downwards

External intercostal contracts-> ribcage upwards & outwards

increase lung volume
decreased air pressure

active process

Question 15

Expiration

Answer 15

Diaphragm relaxes (expands) -> chest cavity push upwards
Intercostal muscles relax -> rib cage downwards & inwards

decrease lung volume
increased air pressure

passive process

Question 16

Gas exchange

Answer 16

process of O2 diffusing from alveoli to blood
CO2 from blood to alveoli

Question 17

Diffusion

Answer 17

Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until they’re equally distributed

Question 18

Concentration gradient

Answer 18

A difference in the concentration

Needs to be maintained in body so cells can keep taking in O2

maintained by:

• continuous movement of blood in capillaries (that surround alveoli) moving oxygen away
• constant inhaling & exhaling bring in new air to diffuse

Question 19

Oxygen in air

Answer 19

Inspired -> 20.95

Expired -> 15.8

Question 20

CO2 in air

Answer 20

Inspired -> 0.04

Expired -> 4.3

Question 21

Water vapour

Answer 21

Inspired -> variable

Expired -> saturated (a lot)

Question 22

Why are the lungs suitable for it’s function

Answer 22

• a lot of alveoli and curved (convoluted) structure -> exchange quicker
• alveoli is covered in capillaries -> blood is close to air rich blood supply
• walls of capillaries & alveoli one cell thick -> exchange quicker in shorter distance
• surface of alveoli is covered in alveolar fluid -> gas diffuses faster when it is dissolved in liquid
• alveoli are deep inside the body, prevents evaporation of alveolar fluid

Question 23

Nasal cavity structure

Answer 23

• Cilia and mucus trap foreign particles
• convulted lining by mucus membranes
• smell receptors are stimulated by substances in air

Question 24

Lungs structure

Answer 24

• occupies whole thoracic cavity except for mediastinum (heart & blood vessels)
• left has 2 lobes; right has 3
• pleural membrane

Question 25

Pleural membrane

Answer 25

**visceral pleura:** covers surface of lungs **parietal pleura:** lines inside of chest between both in **pleural cavity** is **pleural fluid** -> holds lungs against inside of chest walls and allows them to slide along while breathing

Question 26

Heavy breathing

Answer 26

- ribcage becomes ore responsible for inhalation - intercostal muscles contract to actively lower ribcage during exhalation

Question 27

Transport of Oxygen

Answer 27

- 3% dissolved in blood plasma - 97% binds to haemoglobin to form **oxyhaemoglobin** - *oxyhaemoglobin will break down when O2 concentration is low in body*

Question 28

Oxygenated blood colour

Answer 28

bright red in arteries *bc high proportion of oxyhaemoglobin*

Question 29

Deoxygenated blood colour

Answer 29

dark red *bc haemoglobin is dark red or purplish*

Question 30

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

Answer 30

- 7-8% dissolved in plasma - 22% binds to haemoglobin -> **carbaminohaemoglobin** - 70% carried as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

Question 31

Carbonate ions formula

Answer 31

CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3-

Question 32

what is H2CO3

Answer 32

carbonic acid