Excretory System Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Excretion
A
Removal of metabolic waste from cells
metabolic waste being products of chemical reaction in cells
2
Q
Role of lungs
A
Excretion of carbon dioxide
3
Q
Role of liver
A
Deamination of proteins as excess proteins must be used or removed
4
Q
Role of skin
A
sweat glands secrete sweat
contains water, NaCl, lactic acid, urea, sometimes drugs (salicylic acid)
5
Q
Role of alimentary canal
A
Large intestine
bile pigments
6
Q
Role of Kidney
A
maintains constant concentration of materials in body fluids
excretes water, urea, uric acid, ions and creatine
7
Q
Define Deamination
A
the removal of an amino group from an amino acid
8
Q
Glycogen
A
stored carbohydrates
9
Q
Explain the process of deamination
A
The amino group (NH2) is removed from a a.a.
Produces a carbohydrate and ammonia (NH3)
10
Q
Deamination word equation
A
amino acid + oxygen -> carboydrate + ammonia (NH3)
11
Q
What happens to the ammonia produced in deamination
A
It is highly toxic so it is converted to the less toxic urea which is then excreted in urine
energy + carbon dioxide + ammonia -> urea + water
12
Q
Functions of liver
A
- deamination of proteins
- detoxifies alcohol and drugs (antibiotics)
- deactivates hormones and converts them to a form that can be excreted by kidneys
- breaks down haemoglobin from dead red blood cells to produce bile pigments
13
Q
Skin function
A
- protective cover for our body
- regulates body temperature
14
Q
Skin struture
A
- sweat glands located in lower layers of skin
- duct carries sweat to a hair folicle on skin surface through pores
- cells surrounding glands can contract and squeeze sweat to surface
15
Q
Kidney basic structure
A
- pair of reddish-brown organs
- located in abdomen
11cm long
16
Q
Urinary system components
A
- Kidney
- Bladder
- Their ducts
17
Q
Urinary system function
A
filters blood and produces urine
18
Q
Ureter
A
Transports urine from kidney to bladder
19
Q
Bladder
A
stores urine
20
Q
Urethra
A
Discharges urine from body
21
Q
Renal capsule
A
protective layer that surrounds each kidney
22
Q
Renal cortex structure
A
outer layer (under capsule)
appears reddish-brown
23
Q
Renal cortex function
A
location of ultrafiltration
and selective reabsorption
24
Q
Renal medulla
A
inside the cortex
slightly darker
25
Renal pyramids structure
Striated triangular structures within the medulla
26
Renal pyramids function
urine formation
27
Renal papillae
tips of the pyramid that project towards renal pelvis
seperated by columns of cortex
28
Calyx
cup-like extensions
**recieve urine from papillae**
*minor calyx join up to make major*
29
Renal pelvis structure
funnel-shaped
expands upper-end of the ureter
30
Renal pelvis function
collects formed urine
31
Renal hilium
lies on concave surface of kidney
**where vessels enter and leave**
32
Kidney function
- expels metabolic waste from body
- filters blood *(filtration and tubular secretion)* to regulate bodys balance of fluid, salt and pH
- returns usable substances back to body by selective reabsorption
33
Nephron structure
- start in cortex and finish in medulla
- a functional unit of the kidneys
34
Nephron function
filters blood to produce urine
35
Nephron components
- Renal corpuscle
- Renal tubule
- Surrounded by capillary networks
36
Renal artery
carries "dirty" oxygenated blood
37
Renal vein
carries "clean" deoxygenated blood
38
Afferent arteriole
enters the glomerular capsule
*a is first in the alphabet*
39
Efferent arteriole
e is for exit the glomerular capsule
more narrow than afferent -> increases resistance to blood flow and makes higher pressure to allowmfor a higher glomelular filtration rate *(forcing substances into capsule)*
40
Glomerulus
collection of arterioles
increased surface area
41
Renal corpuscle function
- filteration of blood
- forms filtrate in glomelular capsule
42
Renal corpuscle components
- glomelular capsule
- glomerulus
43
Glomerular capsule structure
- capsule directly surrounds glomerulus
- walls of capillaries and capsule are one cell thick
44
Proximal convulted tubule
- highly convulted -> surface area
- carries filtrate
- selective reabsorption
45
Loop of Henle structure
- descending limb
- ascending limb
- surrounded by capillaries for rebsorption
46
Selective reabsorption of Loop of Henle
ions (Na & Cl) are absorped to adjust and maintain the body's pH of 7.4-7.5
- **passive** reabsorption of K+, Cl- and bicarbonate ions
47
Selective reabsorption of PCT
- **passive** reabsorption of K+, Cl- and bicarbonate ions
- **active** reabsorption of glucose and sodium
- **passive** reabsorption of water by osmosis *bc filtrate becomes dilute*
- amino acids and vitamins are also absorbed
48
Selective reabsorption of DCT
- **active** reabsorption of water and salts (ion Na+) through **active transport** depending on if body is dehydrated or hydrated
- permeability changes by ADH
49
Distal convulted tubule
distal = far
convulted to increase surface area
50
Facilitative reabsorption
**ADH** *(antidiuretic hormone)* increases permeability of DCT and collecting duct to **control water absorption**
51
Collecting tubule/duct structure
- made from DCT of a few nephrons
- open to renal pelvis
52
Collecting duct functions
- collects urine for tubular secretion - **urine concentration increased**
- regulates pH of blood
**- active reabsoption of water depending on body's needs**
53
How does tubular secretion regulate pH of blood
- body is 7.4-7.5pH
- food contains acid-producing foods that lower pH
- tubule secretes acidic ions (H+ and NH4+) into filtrate to raise pH of blood
- leaves urine to have a pH of 6
54
Urine
- water
- urea
- uric acid
- ions
- creatine
55
Uric acid
produced by the **metabolism of purines** which comes from **breakdown of nucleic acid**
56
Creatine
produced in **muscle** by breakdown of energy-rich **creatine-phosphate**
57
Glomerular filtration
Small components are filtered out into glomerular capsule
- water
- ions
- salts (mainly Na & Cl)
- amino acids
- fatty acids
- glucose
- urea
- vitamins
- *uric acid*
- *creatine*
- *hormones*
- *toxins*
*basically all components except RBC, WBC and plasma proteins that are too big*
58
Tubular secretion in DCT
- secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions, creatine and certain drugs such as penicillin and neurotransmitters
59
Liver disease
- liver not able to function effectively
- **unable to process toxins ready for elimination**
60
Causes of liver disease
- infection
- autoimmune problems
- genetic disorders
- cancer
- lifestyle choices (alcohol, fatty diet)
61
Symptoms of liver disease
- jaundice
- abdominal pain/swelling
- swelling of legs & feet
- faeces that are pale or dark coloured
- nausea or vomiting
- fatigue
- dark urine
62
Kidney stones
- formed from solid crystals (calcium stones) that build up in kidneys
63
Kidney stones cure
- small: pass with fluids, pain relief or muscle relaxants
- large: broken up with sound waves or surgery
64
What does Kidney failure affect
*most affect glomeruli - reduce ability to filter blood*
65
What happens as a result of kidney failure in the glomerulus (to do with proteins)
- proteins (sometimes RBC) leave blood at glomerulus -> present in **urine**
- proteins are lost -> protein levels fall -> fluid accumulates in tissue -> **swelling** of hands, feet, face or other areas
66
Prevention of kidney failure
- regulate diet to maintain healthy weight to avoid high bp and diabetes
- not to smoke
- drink alcohol in moderation
- don't use performance enhancing drugs
- *drink water instead of sugary drinks*
67
How do performance enhancing drugs affect your kidney
- upset water balance in body
- anabolic steroids can cause scarring inside kidneys
68
What is kidney failure
when the kidney loses ability to excrete waste and control level of fluid in body
69
Factors affecting kidney failure
- diabetes
- high bp
- kidney disease
70
Dialysis
method of removing waste from blood once kidney failure occurs
71
Types of dialysis
- Peritoneal Dialysis
- Haemodialysis
72
Peritoneum
membrane that lines inside of abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs (stomach, liver, intestines)
**has a rich blood supply**
**used as a membrane across which waste is removed**
73
Peritoneal dialysis
occurs **inside the body**
- catheter is place through wall of abdomen
- 2-3L of fluid passed down through catheter into abdominal cavity
this is done daily
74
What does fluid in dialysis contain
- glucose and other subsyances at concentrations similar to those found in blood
- *allows for concentration gradient of only waste to diffuse into fluid*
75
Haemodialysis
passing blood through an artificial kidney or dialysis machine
- blood collected from vein in arm and passed along a tube that's semipermable and immersed in bath
3x a week for 5 hours
76
Kidney transplant requirement and locations
- general health needs to be good
- drugs supress immune system after surgery to stop rejection of foreign tissue
- transplant is placed in groin (own kidneys remain in place)
77
Kidney transplant pros
- no more dialysis -> which takes hours and leaves person tired, also is expensive
78
Kidney transplant cons
- very expensive surgery
- good tissue match to reduce rejection
- immunosuppressant drugs need to taken daily
- some religions forbid it
