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Circulatory System Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Cardiovascular System FUNCTIONS

A

Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones and antibodies

Serve in conjunction with the kidneys and some other organs in maintaining the internal environment

Removal of toxic and pathogenic materials from the body

Regulation of body temperature with the help of the muscles and integument

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2
Q

Lymphatic System FUNCTIONS

A

Return of leaked proteins back to the blood circulation

Transports digested fat from the intestine to the bloodstream

Removal and destruction of toxins

Resisting the spread of disease throughout the body

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3
Q

Channels of Blood Circulation

Carry blood away from the heart
More muscle and elastic fibers

A

Arteries

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4
Q

Arteries
passageways

A

Arterioles -> capillaries

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5
Q

Channels of Blood Circulation

Carry blood toward the heart
Less muscle and elastic fibers

A

Veins

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6
Q

Veins
passageways

A

Capillaries -> venules

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7
Q

passageway of blood via vessels

A

artery -> arteriole -> capillaries -> venule -> veins

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8
Q

Channels of Blood Circulation
Endothelium only
Lumen can only accommodate the diameter of one RBC
Capillary shunts are direct connections between arterioles and venules

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

are systems of veins terminating in a capillary bed

a network of blood vessels that connects two capillary systems, transporting blood from one organ to another

A

Portal Systems

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10
Q

Portal Systems

A

Renal
Hepatic
Hypophyseal

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11
Q

Portal Systems

blood from tail capillaries passes the kidney before reaching the heart

A

Renal

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12
Q

Portal Systems

blood from digestive system passes the liver before reaching the heart

A

Hepatic

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13
Q

Portal Systems

blood from hypothalamus passes the adenohypophysis before reaching the heart

A

Hypophyseal

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14
Q

Composition of the Blood
55% of human blood

A

Plasma

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15
Q

Composition of the Blood
Composed of 90% water and 10% dissolved substances (proteins, ions and hormones)

A

Plasma

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16
Q

is plasma devoid of fibrinogen (clotting fibers)

A

Serum

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17
Q

45% of human blood

A

Formed elements

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18
Q

Formed elements

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)

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19
Q

Hemopoiesis occurs where

A

Blood islands in area opaca of yolk sac filled with mesenchyme -> production of hemocytoblasts

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20
Q

the process of the body producing blood cells

A

Hemopoiesis

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21
Q

hemocytoblasts may form the following :

A

Formed elements
Blood forming tissues of liver, kidney, spleen or bone marrow

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22
Q

is the chief source of blood cells and is located in the spongy bone

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

is a lymphatic organ and contains macrophages that “eat” defective blood cells as well as pathogens

A

Spleen

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24
Q

Oval and nucleated in most vertebrates

Circular, biconcave and non-nucleated in mammals with exceptions

A

Red Blood Cells

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25
Red Blood Cells
Life cycle in 3 to 4 months or 120 days
26
exceptions of Circular, biconcave and non-nucleated RBCs
(except camels and llamas)
27
Functional component in RBC
hemoglobin
28
is an iron pigment that attaches to O2 forming oxyhemoglobin
heme
29
Less numerous than the red blood cells and platelets
White Blood Cells
30
White Blood Cells can pass through capillary walls and phagocytose broken-down tissues
Granulocytes and monocytes
31
White Blood Cells are abundant in lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissues
Lymphocytes
32
Participate with fibrinogen in the clotting of blood Tiny fragments of stem cells found in bone marrow Consist of membrane enclosed cytoplasm devoid of nucleus
Platelets
33
other large cells that produce platelets, which are cell fragments that help form blood clots Tiny fragments of stem cells found in bone marrow
megakaryocytes
34
A muscular pump within the pericardial cavity Pulsates rhythmically via the autonomic nervous system
Heart
35
Heart Walls of the heart
Endocardium (arterial intima) Myocardium (arterial media) Epicardium (arterial adventitia)
36
Heart types of Pericardium
Visceral Parietal
37
Heart Chambers of the heart
Sinus venosus Atrium Ventricle Conus arteriosus
38
the heart is Supplied and drained by the
coronary arteries and veins
39
Heart Circuits: Single circuit
Heart -> gills -> body
40
Heart Circuits: types of Double circuits
Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit
41
Systemic circuit is used by what animals
amniotes
42
single circuit is used by what animals
fish
43
Pulmonary circuit is used by what animals
gill breathing amphibians
44
Heart Circuits: Pulmonary circuit
Heart -> lungs -> heart
45
Heart Circuits: Systemic circuit
Heart -> body -> heart
46
Sharks which part has these adaptations? Thin walls, little muscle and much fibrous tissue Collecting chamber for venous blood that is returning from all parts of the body
Sinus venosus
47
Sharks which part has these adaptations? Large, thin-walled muscular sac
Atrium
48
Sharks which part has these adaptations? Very thick muscular walls Actual pumping portion of the heart
Ventricle
49
Sharks which part has these adaptations? Chiefly cardiac muscle and elastic connective tissue With semilunar valves to prevent backflow to ventricle
Conus arteriosus
50
Teleosts which part has these adaptations? Shorter than sharks with only one set of valves
Conus arteriosus
51
Teleosts which part has these adaptations? at the base of the ventral aorta maintains steady flow of blood Also present in perennibranchiate amphibians
Bulbus arteriosus
52
Dipnoans and Amphibians which part has these adaptations? divided by interatrial septum (complete in dipnoans, anurans and some urodeles)
Atrium
53
Dipnoans and Amphibians which part has these adaptations? divided by interventricular septum (incomplete in dipnoans and urodeles but absent in anurans) and ventricular trabeculae (amphibians)
Ventricle
54
Dipnoans and Amphibians which part has these adaptations? has a spiral valve (prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood) (dipnoans and anurans)
Conus arteriosus
55
Dipnoans and Amphibians which part has these adaptations? Shortened (dipnoans and anurans) With bulbus arteriosus in amphibians prominent in urodeles
ventral aorta
56
animals that have 2 atria and 2 ventricles
Amniotes
57
animals that have 2 atria and 2 ventricles with sinus venosus
reptiles
58
Amniotes atrium: Interatrial septum is
complete
59
Amniotes atrium: Confluent during ontogeny via an interatrial foramen called ___________ in the right atrium of mammals
foramen ovale that later closes as a fossa ovale
60
Amniotes atrium: Right atrium receives blood from _________ (if present)
sinus venosus
61
Amniotes atrium: Left atrium receives blood from
pulmonary veins
62
Amniotes atrium: are blind chambers in both atria of mammals (unknown importance)
Auricles
63
Amniotes which part has these adaptations? Sinoatrial node (SA node) plays important role in heart innervation Partially incorporated to the right atrial wall
Sinus venosus
64
Amniotes which part has these adaptations? Ventricles: Interventricular septum is
complete
65
Amniotes which part has these adaptations? in turtles and squamates as a 3rd chamber prevents mixing of O2-rich and -poor blood in heart
Cavum venosum
66
Amniotes which part has these adaptations? in mammals as ridges/columns of muscle in inner wall for strength
Trabeculae carnae
67
Amniotes which part has these adaptations? is a heterotopic bone in the interventricular septum of deer and bovines
Os cordis
68
Amniotes which part has these adaptations? Fibrous flaps or cusps that guard passageways from atria to ventricles Crocodilians and birds have muscular _____ at right side of heart
Valves
69
In mammals, valves are connected by _____________ of the ventricle walls
chordae tendinae to papillary muscles
70
atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid and bicuspid
71
semilunar valves
Pulmonary and aortic
72
Blood Flow Ventricular relaxation Blood from atria freely pass through valves to the ventricles
Diastole
73
Blood Flow Ventricular contraction Valves forced forward then upward to prevent backflow of blood
Systole
74
Innervation Dependent on electrolyte concentrations (Na, K and Ca ions) within heart Autogenic
Pulsation
75
Innervation Lacks any external innervation Intrinsic conduction system
Agnathans
76
Fishes, amphibians and non-avian reptiles what is necessary to produce a regular heartbeat
Extrinsic neural stimulus
77
Fishes, amphibians and non-avian reptiles uses this as the pacemaker of the heart is innervated by the 10th cranial nerve (vagus) Heartbeat starts here then to atria and ventricles
Sinus venosus
78
Innervation in Anurans and amniotes innervate the heart
Two sets of sympathetic nerve fibers innervate the heart
79
Innervation in Anurans and amniotes with inhibitory fibers
Vagus nerve
80
Innervation in Anurans and amniotes with accelerator fibers
Cardiac nerves
81
Birds and mammals Sinus venosus becomes incorporated into the wall of the right atrium as the
SA node (pacemaker)
82
is unique to birds and mammals
AV node
83
birds and mammals are directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system
Purkinje fibers
84
Originated from lateral plate mesoderm/hypomere
Heart
85
have a straight pulsating tube as hearts
Fish and amphibian embryos
86
have an unpaired tube as hearts
Fish and amphibian adults
87
have a pair of tubes as hearts
Amniotes
88
Amniotes what are the pair of tubes thet serve as hearts
Cephalic end - ventral aorta Caudal end - receive blood and becomes unites
89
Amphibians and amniotes Atrial region finally lies _______ to ventricular region
cephalad
90
Amphibians and amniotes Atrial chamber expands to form bilateral pouches into___________
left and right atria
91
Amphibians and amniotes Separation of right and left ventricular chambers via _______
interventricular septum
92
Birds and mammals becomes incorporated into the wall of right atrium
Sinus venosus
93
Birds and mammals is the first organ to function
Heart
94
Supply most tissues with oxygenated blood (but carry deoxygenated blood to respiratory system)
Arterial Channels
95
vessel that emerges from heart and passes forward beneath the pharynx
Ventral aorta
96
vessel that (paired above the pharynx) passes caudally above the digestive tract
Dorsal aorta
97
Six pairs of __________connect the ventral aorta with the dorsal aorta
aortic arches
98
Aortic Arches of Tetrapod embryos
Embryos have 6 pairs of aortic arches
99
Aortic Arches of Tetrapods AA are temporary and not found in adults
1st and 2nd
100
Aortic Arches of Tetrapods AA and the paired dorsal aorta cranial becomes the internal carotid arteries
3rd
101
Aortic Arches of Tetrapods AA becomes the systemic arches
4th
102
Aortic Arches of Tetrapods AA are usually lost
5th
103
Aortic Arches of Tetrapods AA give off pulmonary arteries and supplies the lungs
6th
104

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