Introduction to Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Flashcards by Miyaki Jan Lim

Studies the descriptive and functional morphology of vertebrates
Descriptive - structure of vertebrates
Functional - significance of the structure

Comparative Anatomy

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A study of evolution to phylogeny
It can be considered as vertebrate evolution

Comparative Anatomy

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study of structural evolution

Morphology

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study of description of structures

Anatomy

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Tail appearing outwardly symmetrical but with the backbone passing into the upper lobe, as in all higher fish

homocercal

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Tailhaving unequal upper and lower lobes, usually with the vertebral column passing into the upper.

heterocercal

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Big Five in chordates

post anal tail
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharynx
notchord
endostyle

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No vertebrate will proceed without passing through these five characteristics in embryonic development

true

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_______ have been grouped into a single taxon

Protochordates and chordates

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is a rod of living cells ventral to the CNS and dorsal to the alimentary canal

provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate

Notochord

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most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops, and the adult retains only remnants of the

embryonic notochord

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Fate during development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in head region

incorporated into skull floor

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Fate during development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in Trunk and tail

surrounded by cartilaginous or bony vertebrae

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Fate in adulthood development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in Trunk and tail in Protochordates

chief axial skeleton surrounded by notochord sheath

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Fate in adulthood development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in Trunk and tail in Agnathans

similar to protochordates with addition of lateral neural cartilages

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Fate in adulthood development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in Trunk and tail in Fishes and amphibians

persist the length of the trunk and tail within the centrum

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Fate in adulthood development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in Trunk and tail in Reptiles, birds and mammals

disappears and becomes pulpy nucleus in mammal vertebrae

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Vertebrae parts

Centrum (deposited around notochord)
Neural arch (forms over spinal cord)
Various processes

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develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord

Formed by the process of invagination

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

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The nerve cord develops into the central nervous system:

Brain
Spinal cord

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Common to hemichordates and chordates

can be perforated by openings (slits) to either the exterior or an atrium (reflecting common ancestry)

Membranous digestive and respiratory organ located at the back of the mouth that serves as passageway of food and air

Pharynx

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The ______ Vital part of craniate embryo that produces:
Gills of fishes (permanent slits)
Lungs of tetrapods (temporary slits)
Skeleton & musculature of jaws
Endocrine glands that regulate metabolic rates in all body cells & maintain appropriate calcium levels in bones, other tissues & circulating blood (parafollicular cells & parathyroid glands)
Gives rise to middle ear cavity of tetrapods (auditory and tympanic cavity)
Provides initial cells of immune system during fetal life & shortly after (thymus in humans)

Pharynx

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A column of tissue which separates each embryonic pharyngeal pouch or slit from the next

Pharyngeal Arches

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Pharyngeal Arch typically has 4 components or blastemas from which these components develop:

Skeleton
Muscles
Nerves
Blood vessels

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Total of _________ of Pharyngeal arches develop in cranio-caudal sequence

6 pairs

is complex, and contributes to both upper and lower jaw

First arch

Arch _ Skeletal Elements Meckel’s cartilage Malleus Incus Muscles Muscles of mastication Anterior belly of digastricus Tensor tympani Tensor palati

Arch 1 Cranial Nerve

Trigeminal nerve (mandibular division)

Arch _ Skeletal Elements Stapes Styloid process Upper part of hyoid Muscles Stapedius Stylohyoid Muscles of facial expression Posterior belly of digastricus

Arch 2 Cranial Nerve

Facial nerve

Arch _ Skeletal Elements Lower part of hyoid Muscles Stylopharyngeus

Arch 3 Cranial Nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Arch _ Skeletal Elements Laryngeal cartilages Muscles Cricotyhroideus Pharyngeal constrictors Instrinsic laryngeal muscles

4 - 6

Arch 4 - 6 Cranial Nerve

Vagus Nerve

Supportive skeletal elements (pharyngeal skeleton)

Pharyngeal Arches

Pharyngeal Arches have ___________ (branches 5, 7, 9 and 10) which innervate muscles and provide sensory input to the brain

Cranial nerves

Pharyngeal Arches have an __________ that connects the ventral and dorsal aortas

aortic arch

Striated muscles that operate the Pharyngeal Arches

branchiomeric muscles

Ectodermally-lined grooves on the outside of the embryonic pharynx

Pharyngeal Clefts

Supportive skeletal elements (pharyngeal skeleton) Striated muscles that operate the arch (branchiomeric muscles) Cranial nerves (branches 5, 7, 9 and 10) which innervate muscles and provide sensory input to the brain An aortic arch that connects the ventral and dorsal aortas

Pharyngeal Arches Components

Ectodermally-lined grooves on the outside of the embryonic pharynx are lost in development because of proliferation of the underlying mesoderm

Pharyngeal Clefts

an important cleft because this Pharyngeal Cleft it develops into the external auditory meatus of the ear and provides the outer epithelium of the tympanic membrane

first cleft

Arises as diverticula of endoderm or foregut Grows toward the surface of the animal Establish the limits of the pharynx Contribute to the development of a surprising diversity of structures

Pharyngeal Pouches

Maximum number in jawed craniates in basal shark and living agnathans

8 - basal shark 15 - living agnathans

grows toward each Pharyngeal pouch and is separated from each other via the pharyngeal plate

Pharyngeal clefts

Pharyngeal Pouch _ Derivatives Middle ear cavity Endodermal aspect of tympanic membrane Pharyngotympanic tube

Pharyngeal Pouch _ Derivatives Palatine tonsil

Pharyngeal Pouch _ Derivatives Inferior parathyroid gland Thymus

Pharyngeal Pouches __ Derivatives Superior parathyroid gland Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

4-5

are formed between the pharynx and the exterior when the pharyngeal plate ruptures

Pharyngeal Slits

Pharyngeal Slits may open to the exterior as slits

True

where Permanent Pharyngeal slits are

adults that live in water and breathe via gills

where Temporary Pharyngeal slits are

adults live on land

is a glandular groove in the floor of the pharynx and is involved in filter feeding

Endostyle

is an endocrine gland that produces hormones

Thyroid gland

Both arises from the floor of the pharynx and are involved in iodine metabolism

Thyroid gland and Endostyle

Chordates have a ________ posterior to the anus contains skeletal elements and muscles

Post-Anal Tail

In many species, the tail is greatly reduced during

embryonic development

It provides propelling force in many aquatic species

Post-Anal Tail

origin of protostomes

coelom originates from split of the mesoderm, forms the mouth

origin of deuterostomes

coelom originates from outpouching of the gut, forms the anus

are animals that have a notochord in the embryo stage at least

Chordates

are chordates with a neurocranium or braincase

Craniates

chordates with vertebrae

Vertebrates

appear during embryonic development after the notochord has formed

Vertebrae

craniate body consists of three regional components:

Head Trunk Postanal tail

Contains special sense organs for monitoring the external environment - eyes, ears, nose

Head

is at least large enough (cephalization) to receive and process essential information and to provide appropriate stimuli to the body musculature

Brain of chordates

in some species for acquiring, retaining and macerating food

Jaws

for respiration in fishes

Gills

Centralization or localization of nervous structures and functions in the head with accompanying dominance of the head

Cephalization

More and more cephalization marked the higher one ascends in the animal kingdom

true

Particularly prominent as a structural and functional feature of the vertebrates

Cephalization

Contains the coelom which houses most of the visceral organs

Trunk

surrounds the coelom and consists chiefly of muscle, vertebral column and the ribs

body wall

the trunk is Associated with

paired pectoral and pelvic appendages

which is a narrow extension of the trunk connects the trunk with the head

Neck

Commences at the anus or vent Consists almost exclusively or a caudal continuation of body wall muscles, axial skeleton, nerves and blood vessels

Postanal Tail

Postanal Tail is Present in all embryos, though adult form may lose the tail along development

true

position when a quaruped stands erect on all four limbs, facing left, with the tail slightly raised

Anatomic Position

any surface, real or imaginary, along which any two points can be connected by a straight line

Anatomic Plane

divides the head, body or any limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves

Median Plane

There is only one single median plane

true

Median and medial are not synonymous

true

Median is a Medial is a

plane directional term

passes through the right or left side of the body parallel to the median plane

Sagittal Plane

passes through the head, body, limb or organ at right angles to the structure’s long axis or the median plane

Transverse Plane

runs at right angles to both the median and transverse planes (horizontally) dividing the body into dorsal and ventral potions

Dorsal Plane

Occurs in an organism if it can be cut into two identical halves through any cut that runs through the organism's center

Spherical

These organisms resemble a pie where several cutting planes produce roughly identical pieces They have a top and a bottom (dorsal and ventral surface) only

Radial organisms

An organism with ___________ symmetry exhibits no left or right sides

radial

Combination of radial and bilateral symmetry

Biradial

Only one plane, the sagittal plane, will divide an organism into roughly mirror image halves (with respect to external appearance only)

Bilateral

Internally, only the organ systems are not bilaterally symmetrical

digestive and lymphatic system

Regular repetition of body parts along the cranio-caudal axis

Metamerism or Segmentation

Body of segmented animals is composed of longitudinal series of divisions in each of which all or most of the body systems are represented

metamere, segment or somite

No external evidence of segmentation in most adult reptiles, birds, & mammals But internally a series of muscle segments are visible

true

Serial arrangement of vertebrae, ribs, spinal nerves, embryonic kidney tubules, segmental arteries & veins)

true

Each segment may or may not be marked externally by a constriction of the body wall

Metamerism or Segmentation

segmentation of the animal body into nearly like segments

Homonomous segmentation

various segments differ from each other

Heteronomous segmentation

Cranium Three-part brain Neural crest and its derivatives Paired external sense organs Cartilage

Craniate

Vertebral column Two semicircular canals Electroreception Lateral line system with multicellular neuromasts Number of soft tissue specializations

Vertebrate Characteristics

Integument - epidermis and dermis Respiratory mechanism - external Coelom

Other Craniate Characteristics

Paired external sense organs

olfactory, optic and otic with a single semicircular canal, lateral line system with unicellular sense organs

epidermis and dermis of craniates

Integument

coeloms in Craniates

Pericardial cavity - heart Pleural cavity - lungs Peritoneal cavity - abdominal organs Scrotal cavity - testes

Digestive system - cloaca or anus Urogenital organs Circulatory system - single or double-circuit Skeleton - axial and appendicular Muscles - skeletal, smooth and cardiac Sense organs - exteroceptors, proprioceptors and visceral receptors

Other Craniate Characteristics