Parade of the Craniates in Time and Taxa Flashcards by Miyaki Jan Lim

Major Developmental Synapomorphies of the Craniates

Neural crest
Neurogenic placodes

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Major Nervous Synapomorphies of the Craniates

Skeletal braincase
Complex sense organs
Cranial nerves
Tripartite brain

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Major Digestive Synapomorphies of the Craniates

Muscularization
Regionalization
Differentiated organs

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Major Cardiovascular Synapomorphies of the Craniates

Heart
Hemoglobin

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are separated from Vertebrata (Craniata) that have a skull

subphylum Protochordata

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Vertebrates may be divided into

Agnatha (jawless) and Gnathostomata (having jaws)

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Vertebrates are also divided into

Amniota, having an amnion
Anamniota lacking an amnion

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having an amnion

Amniota

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lacking an amnion

Anamniota

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a thin membrane forming a closed sac about the embryo or fetus of a reptile, bird, or mammal and containing a watery fluid in which the embryo or fetus is immersed

amnion

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Gnathostomata is subdivided into

Pisces with fins and Tetrapoda, usually with two pairs of limbs

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Gnathostomata with fins

Pisces

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Gnathostomata with two pairs of limbs

Tetrapoda

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Many of these groupings of Chordates are described ass

paraphyletic

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Some cladistic classifications exclude ____________ from the group Vertebrata because they lack vertebrae, although retaining them in Craniata since they do have a cranium

Myxini

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Superclass Agnatha
classes

Class Myxini
Class Cephalaspidomorph

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Superclass Gnathostomata
classes

Class Chondrichthyes
Class Sarcopterygii
Class Actinopterygii
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Aves
Class Mammalia

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are paraphyletic because they do not contain all of the descendants of recent common ancestor

Reptiles

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Reptiles, birds and mammals compose a monophyletic clade called

Amniota

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can only be grouped as amniotes that are not birds or mammals

Reptiles

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No derived characters that group only ________ to the exclusion of birds and mammals

reptiles

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Most common recent ancestor is also an ancestor of all remaining vertebrates

agnathans (hagfishes and lampreys)

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__________ of a phylogenetic tree represent real lineages with geological information

branches

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has many usages extending beyond what are actually considered fishes today

Fish

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Aquatic vertebrate with gills, limbs (if present) in the form of fins, and usually with a skin covered in scales of dermal origin

modern fish

Do not form a monophyletic group In an evolutionary sense, can be defined as all vertebrates that are not tetrapods

Fishes

Common ancestor of fishes is also an ancestor of __________ Therefore in pure cladistics, would make _______ “fish”- a nontraditional and awkward usage

land vertebrates

refers to one or more individuals of one species

Fish

refers to more than one species

Fishes

Includes the extinct heavily armored ostracoderms and the living hagfishes and lampreys

Superclass Agnatha

Until recently, earliest known vertebrate fossils were armored jawless fishes called Small, heavily armored, jawless and lacked paired fins

ostracoderms

ostracoderms are found in the __________ deposits in United States, Bolivia and Australia

Late Cambrian

Fossil of an Early Chordate ae

Pikaia gracilens

Ostracoderms during the last 10 years, several 530-million-year-old fossils were discovered in the Chengjiang deposits beloning to one or two fishlike vertebrates:

Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys

These fossils push back the origin of vertebrates to at least the Early Cambrian period

Ostracoderms

Ostracoderms show many vertebrate characteristics including

a heart, paired eyes, otic capsules and rudimentary vertebrae

______ is not considered to be a natural evolutionary assemblage

Earliest ostracoderms

Ostracoderms Early group of ostracoderms Extinct near end of Devonian

Heterostracans

Early group of ostracoderms Represent an awkward design that probably filtered particles from the ocean floor Sucked in water by muscular pumping Some believe they may have been able to feed on soft-bodied animals

Heterostracans

Ostracoderms Devonian saw a major diversification of ____________ producing numerous peculiar-looking forms, never evolved jaws or paired fins

heterostracans

Ostracoderms Coexisted with heterostracans Developed paired pectoral fins that stabilized movement Jawless, toothless mouth Sensory lateral line, paired eyes and inner ears with semicircular canals

Osteostracans

Ostracoderms Head was well armored, but lacked axial skeleton or vertebrae was Cephalapsis Likely had a sophisticated nervous system and sense organs, similar to those of modern lampreys

Osteostracans

Small marine animal covered with a heavy, dermal armor of cellular bone, including a single-piece head shield

Cephalapsis

More streamlined than other Ostracoderms Impressive diversification in Silurian and Devonian periods Streamlined and more closely resembled modern lamprey

Osteostracans

All Ostracoderms became extinct by end of _________

Devonian period

For decades strange microscopic tooth-like fossils called __________ have been used to data paleozoic marine sediments without knowing what kind of creature originally possesed these elements

Conodonts

Complete ______ animals have been discovered (early 1980s) Phosphatized toothlike elements, W-shaped myomeres, cranium, notochord, and paired eye and otic capsules Exact position is not clear though Important in understanding the evolution of early vertebrates

Conodonts

Conodonts clearly indicate they belong to ____________ clade

vertebrate clade

Include hagfishes (Class Myxini) and lampreys (Class Cephalaspidomorphi) Members of both groups lacks jaws, internal ossification, scales or paired fins Both groups share porelike gill openings and an eel-like body Recent molecular analysis shows lampreys and hagfishes forming a monophyletic unit

Subclass Agnatha

Subclass Agnatha Entirely marine Scavengers and predators of annelids, molluscs, dead or drying fishes, etc. Enters dead or dying animal through orifice or by digging inside using keratinized plates or tongue Nearly blind and locate food by an acute sense of smell and touch Special glands along body secrete fluid that becomes slimy in contact with seawater

Class Myxini

Class Myxini To provide leverage, ties _____ and passes it forward to press against prey

knot in tail

Class Myxini Body fluids are in __________ with seawater

osmotic equilibrium

Class Myxini Circulatory system includes _________ in addition to a heart behind gills

three accessory hearts

class Half of species belong to nonparasitic brook-dwelling species

Class Cephalaspidomorphi

All lampreys in Northern Hemisphere belong to the

family Petromyzontidae

Marine lamprey __________ occurs on both Atlantic coastlines and grows to a length of one meter

Petromyzon marinus

Eggs hatch in two weeks into ammoceotes larvae

Class Petromyzontida

Class Petromyzontida Lives first on yolk supply and drifts downstream to burrow into sandy areas Suspension-feeder until it metamorphoses into an adult Change to an adult involves eruption of eyes, keratinized teeth replacing the hood, enlargement of fins, maturation of gonads and modification of gill openings

ammoceotes larvae

Class Petromyzontida Other species remain in freshwater Attach to a fish by a sucker-like mouth Sharp teeth rasp through flesh as they suck fluids Marine, ________ migrate to the sea (catadromous life cycle)

Parasitic Lampreys

Parasitic Lampreys Inject _______ into a wound When, lamprey drops off but wound may be fatal to fish

anticoagulant

Class Petromyzontida life cycle

Parasitic freshwater adults live 1–2 years before spawning and dying Anadromous forms live 2–3 years

lampreys that do not feed Digestive tract degenerates as an adult They spawn and die

Nonparasitic lampreys

Development of jaws in primitive fishes Derived from the pharyngeal arches for prey-grasping and biting Possess two paired fins or paired limbs Enjoyed more active life

Gnathostomes

Gnathostomes class Present during the Paleozoic Represent the sister group to chondrichthyes and telosts which evolved from ostracoderms Had paired pectoral and pelvic fins

Class Placodermi

Class Placodermi Have heavy bony shields covering the head and gill region and another one for the trunk Shields met in moveable joints Body is either with small scales or naked Appeared to be active predators

Arthrodires

Class Placodermi Small armored placoderms with eyes on top of the head and a flattened belly Suggested they are bottom feeders Flourished up until the Devonian but diminished shortly thereafter

Antiarchs

Placoderm genus

arctolepsis phyllolepsis gemuendina coccosteus lunaspis rhamphodopsis bothriolepsis

About 970 living species Smaller and more ancient group Well-developed sense organs, powerful jaws, and predaceous habits helped them survive True bone is completely absent throughout the class Phosphatized mineral tissues retained in teeth, scales, and spines

Class Chondrichthyes

Subclass Elasmobrancii orders

Order Carcharhiniformes Order Lamniformes Order Squaliformes Order Rajiformes Order Myliobatiformes

Subclass Elasmobrancii contains the coastal tiger and bull sharks and the hammerhead

Order Carcharhiniformes

Subclass Elasmobrancii contains large, pelagic sharks such as the white and mako shark

Order Lamniformes

Subclass Elasmobrancii contains dogfish sharks

Order Squaliformes

Subclass Elasmobrancii contain skates

Order Rajiformes

Subclass Elasmobrancii contains several groups of rays (stingrays, manta rays, etc.)

Order Myliobatiformes

Subclass Elasmobranchii are among the most gracefully streamlined of fishes Mouth opens into large pharynx, containing openings to gill slits and spiracles Short esophagus runs to stomach Liver and pancreas discharge into short, straight intestine Fertilization is internal Maternal support of embryo is variable

Sharks

shark body

Body is fusiform

shark Thrust and lift provided by an asymmetrical

heterocercal tail

shark Fins include

Paired pectoral and pelvic fins One or two median dorsal fins One median caudal fin Sometimes a median anal fin

In male sharks, the medial part of the pelvic fin is modified to form a ________ used in copulation

clasper

sharks have ____________ are associated with olfaction

Paired nostrils

sharks have Lateral eyes are lidless and behind each eye is a ___________ - remnant of the first gill slit

spiracle

sharks have Tough, leathery skin with _______ - reduce water turbulence

placoid scales

Sharks Prey can also be located from long distances sensing low frequency vibrations in the _________ - consists of neuromasts in interconnected tubes and pores on side of body

lateral line

Electroreceptors, the_______, are located on the shark’s head

ampullae of Lorenzini

Sharks have Upper and lower jaws equipped with sharp, triangular teeth that are _______

constantly replaced

sharks have _________slows passage of food and increases absorptive area

Spiral valve in intestine

eggs hatch outside the mother’s body

Oviparous

the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

Ovoviviparous

the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood

Viviparous

Horny capsule encasing eggs laid by some oviparous species

Mermaid’s purse

Subclass Elasmobranchii More than half of elasmobranchs are Most specialized for Respiratory water enters through large spiracles on top of the head

rays

rays have Teeth adapted for ______ prey Molluscs, crustaceans, and sometimes small fish

crushing

Subclass Elasmobranchii Have whiplike tail with spines and venom glands

Stingrays

Subclass Elasmobranchii Have large electric organs on each side of head

Electric rays

subclass Fossil chimaeras

Subclass Holocephali

Subclass Holocephali First occurred in the Mississippian period, reached a zenith in the Cretaceous and early Tertiary, and then declined

Fossil chimaeras

Class chondrichthyes Subclass Mouth lacks teeth Equipped with large flat plates for crushing food Upper jaw fused to the cranium Feed on molluscs, echinoderms, crustaceans, and fish Scales are absent

Subclass Holocephali

class Well represented in the Devonian Became extinct by the lower Permian Resemble bony fish but have heavy spines on all fins except the caudal fin Probably the sister group of bony fishes

Class Acanthodii

class Stout hollow spines were associated with the median and paired fins Some species have additional paired spines extending along the lateral body wall Body was covered with armor consisting of small scaled The head is covered with dermal plates Skeleton consisted of bone and cartilage

Class Acanthodii

Class Acanthodii Have a large ___________ overlying the gill slits Primitively consisting of elongate scaled with ancillary gill covered followed by a derived single opercular cover

operculum

Class Acanthodii species

parexus ischnacanthus

Bony Fishes Specialization of jaw musculature improved feeding

Osteichthyes

In early to middle Silurian, a lineage of fishes with _________ gave rise to a clade that contains 96% of living fishes and all living tetrapods

bony endoskeletons

3 features unite bony fishes and tetrapod descendants

Endochondral bone replaces cartilage during development Lung or swim bladder is present Evolved as an extension of gut Have several cranial and dental characters unique to clade

Evolved as an extension of gut if bony fish

swim bladder

Do not define a natural group and is a term of convenience rather than a valid taxon Bony operculum and branchiostegal rays associate them with acanthodians Operculum increased respiratory efficiency Helped draw water across gills

Bony Fishes

Bony Fishes have _________ off the esophagus Helped in buoyancy and also in hypoxic waters

Gas-filled structure

In fishes that use these pouches for respiration - pouches are called

lungs

In fishes that use these pouches for buoyancy - pouches are called

swim bladders

By the middle Devonian, bony fishes developed into 2 major lineages

class Actinopterygii class Sarcopterygii

Class Ray-finned fishes radiated to form modern bony fishes

class Actinopterygii

Class Lobe-finned fishes include lungfishes and the coelacanth

class Sarcopterygii

Consist ancient and modern bony fishes whose membranous fins are supported by slender fin rays radiating from basal skeletal elements within the body wall - fins are not lobed Gill slits are covered by a bony operculum Air sac or swim bladder is usually present Internal nares are lacking

Class Actinopterygii

Class Actinopterygii, Paleozoic era Bony dermal armor and scales were overlain with a form of enamel called

ganoin

Class Actinopterygii Paleozoic era Caudal fins are ___________ like sharks

heterocercal

Class Actinopterygii Paleozoic era Bony dermal armor and scales were overlain with a form of enamel called

ganoin

Both traits have disappeared in more recent species in Class Actinopterygii, which are

ganoin heterocercal tail

Class Actinopterygii

Can be divided into basal group and Neopterygii

Class Actinopterygii Earliest forms Small, had large eyes, a heterocercal caudal tail, and interlocking scales with an outer layer of ganoin Single dorsal fin and numerous bony rays derived from scales stacked end to end Fossils have been found as early as the late Silurian Flourished throughout the late Paleozoic Distinct from lobe-finned fishes and saw the ostracoderms, etc. decline

Palaeoniscids

Class Actinopterygii In the clade Cladista Have lungs, heavy ganoid scales, and other characteristics similar to the palaeoniscids 16 species of which all live in the freshwaters of Africa

Bichirs

Class Actinopterygii 27 species of freshwater and anadromous sturgeons and paddlefishes Dam construction, overfishing, and pollution have led to their decline

Chondrosteons

Class Actinopterygii Appeared in late Permian and diversified extensively during the Mesozoic One lineage gave rise to the modern bony fishes: Teleost

Neopterygians

modern bony fishes:

Teleost

3 surviving early neopterygians are the all gulp air and use the vascularized swim bladder to supplement gills

bowfin, gars and Atractosteus

Class Actinopterygii Order: Dermal scales have become very thin and flexible Dermal bones of the skull are generally thinner and more numerous that in other bony fishes Jaws and palate have become more independently maneuverable Pelvic fins is more forward

Teleosts

Teleosts example

Blue marlin Mudskipper Lionfish Sharksucker

Have an internal nares that open into the oropharyngeal cavity Retain a gas-filled air sac Gill slits are covered by a bony operculum that grows caudad from the 2nd pharyngeal arch The Pre-Devonian ancestors are unknown Lobed fins

Class Sarcopterygians

Ancestor of tetrapods Group of extinct sarcopterygian fishes called

rhipdistians

Class Sarcopterygians Had lungs, gills, and a heterocercal-type tail During the Paleozoic, tail became a symmetrical diphycercal tail Had powerful jaws, heavy, enameled scales, and strong, fleshy, paired lobed fins

Early sarcopterygians

Sarcopterygians Two major clades: represented by ____ that are living

8 fish species

Sarcopterygians: two major cladess and the speciess under it

Actinistia: coelocanths (2 species) Rhipdistia: lungfishes (Dipnoi) (6 species)

Sarcopterygians flourished in late Paleozoic and then became extinct Include ancestors of tetrapods

Rhipidistians

Sarcopterygians Rhipidistians and the coelacanth were termed ________: polyphyletic group no longer used

crossopterygian

Arose in the Devonian, radiated, reached a peak in the Mesozoic, and dramatically declined Thought to be extinct 70 million years, a specimen was dredged up in 1938 More were caught off coast of the Comoro Islands and in Indonesia Living ______ is a descendant of Devonian freshwater stock

Coelacanth

Tail is diphycercal with a small lobe between the upper and lower caudal lobes Young ________ born fully formed after hatching from eggs up to 9 cm in diameter

Coelacanth

Sarcopterygians Skeletal elements of fin lobes corresponds to proximal skeletal elements of early tetrapod limbs Skull was similar with that of early amphibians Had air sacs that are probably used occasionally as lungs Most had internal nares

Rhipdistians

Sarcopterygians unlike close relatives, rely on gill respiration and cannot survive long out of water (lung fish)

Australian lungfishes

Sarcopterygians can live out of water for long periods of time (lung fish)

South American and African lungfish

class are the only living vertebrates that have a transition from water to land in both their ontogeny and phylogeny

Class Amphibia

Class Amphibia was the oldest and were swamp-dwelling animals Had minute bony scales in the dermis of the skin Fishlike tail is supported by dermal fin rays Skulls similar to those of rhipidistian fishes

Ichthyostega

Subclass of Ichthyostega

Subclass Labyrinthodontia

Class Amphibia subclass : Has a sensory canal system or neuromast organs which monitors aquatic environment Size can range from the size of a newt to ta crocodile Other species lack limbs, and other with bizarre large triangular skulls

Subclass Labyrinthodontia

Subclass Labyrinthodontia Have skeletal similarities to modern frogs and salamanders Suggests that Lissamphibia evolved and the results of heterochronic processes Skeletal features of lissamphibians can be explained by retention of juvenile characteristics

Temnospondyls

Subclass Labyrinthodontia Diverse group from the Penssylvanian to the Lower Permian Share skeletal features with caecilians Can either be convergence Close relationship

Microsaurs

Subclass Includes three groups of extant species: Apoda - caecilians Urodela - tailed amphibians Anura - frogs, toads and tree toads Includes also Triassic and Jurassic anurans whose skeletons resemble toads and frogs

Subclass Lissamphibia

Subclass Lissamphibia Includes three groups of extant species:

Apoda - caecilians Urodela - tailed amphibians Anura - frogs, toads and tree toads

Subclass Lissamphibia Order Caecilians Elongate, limbless, burrowing animals in swampy locations Bodies have many vertebrae, long ribs, no limbs, and terminal anus Eyes are buried beneath the bones of the skull Some species have minute scales in their dermis Vent is almost at the end of the body Feed primarily on worms and small underground invertebrates Fertilization is internal Male has a protrusible copulatory organ

Order Gymnophiona (Apoda)

Subclass Lissamphibia Order Salamanders Most are small, under 15 cm long with the Japanese giant salamander being 1.5 meters long Limbs usually at right angles to trunk Forelimbs and hindlimbs about equal in length Burrowing species and some aquatic forms may have lost their limbs Ectotherms with a low metabolic rate Some aquatic throughout life cycle Most have aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults Internal fertilization in most

Order Urodela (Caudata)

Order Urodela is ___________ as both larvae and adults Feed on worms, small arthropods, and molluscs

Order Urodela (Caudata)

any so-called cold-blooded animal

ectotherm

Order Urodela Female recovers in cloaca a _________ deposited on a leaf or stick

spermatophore

male reproductive structures that package sperm cells to aid in their transmission to females during mating in a variety of invertebrate animals

spermatophore

Subclass Lissamphibia Order Aquatic species lay eggs in clusters or stringy masses Completely terrestrial species deposit eggs in small, grape-like clusters under logs or in soft earth Terrestrial species undergo direct development Hatch as miniature adults

Order Urodela (Caudata)

mudpuppy vs axolotl

Axolotls can change their colors as a form of camouflage, while the common mudpuppy has a brown coloration

Subclass Lissamphibia Order Frogs and toads Dates from Triassic period, 250 million years ago Must live near water source Reproduction mode requires water Skin is water-permeable skin Ectothermy All have a tailed larval stage and tailless, jumping adults (except for 1 species)

Order Anura (Salientia)

_____ prevents anurans from inhabiting polar and subarctic habitats

Ectothermy

Subclass Lissamphibia Order Eggs of most hatch into tadpoles with a long, finned tail, no legs, internal and external gills and specialized mouthparts for (usually) herbivorous feeding Tadpoles look and act entirely different from adult frogs

Order Anura (Salientia)

condition never occurs in frogs and toads

Perennibranchiate

is the condition of an organism retaining branchae, or gills, through life. This condition is generally said of certain amphibia, such as the mudpuppy. The term is opposed to caducibranchiate.

Perennibranchiate

________ families of frogs and toads

Family Contains the common larger frogs in North America

Family Ranidae

Family Includes the tree frogs

Family Hylidae

Family (true toads) Contains toads with thicker skins and prominent warts

Family Bufonidae

Order Anura (Salientia) example species

bullfrog green tree frog American toad Goliath frog gray tree frog African clawed frog

Order of extinct reptile-like amphibians Include all non-amniote labyrinthodont reptile-like amphibians

Anthracosaurs

Single, monophyletic lineage of Paleozoic tetrapods Nonavian reptiles, birds, and mammals

Amniotes

Developing young enclosed by extraembryonic membrane called the __________ Secretes fluid, amniotic fluid, in which embryo/fetus floats

amnion

Extraembryonic Membranes:

Amnion Allantois Yolk sac Chorion

Extraembryonic Membranes: Encloses the embryo in fluid-filled space Cushions the embryo and provides an aqueous medium for growth

Amnion

Extraembryonic Membranes: Stores metabolic wastes

Allantois

Extraembryonic Membranes: Nutrient storage

Yolk sac

Extraembryonic Membranes: Surrounds embryo and all other extraembryonic membranes Lies just beneath shell Highly vascularized Respiratory surface

Chorion

Extraembryonic Membranes: Allantois and chorion sometimes fuse to form respiratory structure:

chorioallantoic membrane

Amniotes arose from amphibian-like tetrapods, the _________, during the Carboniferous

anthracosaurs

By the late Carboniferous, skulls of amniotes could be separated into groups based on three patterns of openings (fenestra) in the temporal region: _____________ These openings are associated with large muscles that elevate the lower jaw

anapsids, diapsids and synapsids

Types of Amniote skull

anapsids synapsid diapsid euryapsid

Members of the paraphyletic class __________ includes nearly 8000 species The Age of Reptiles lasted over 165 million years and included the dinosaurs A mass extinction occurred at the end of the Mesozoic Ectotherms like the fishes and amphibians Parapineal glands in other organisms for thermoregulation

Class Reptilia (Sauropsida)

Modern reptiles represent surviving lineages

Tuatara Lizards and snakes

Class Reptilia is the sole survivor of a group that otherwise disappeared 100 million years ago

Tuatara

Class Body is covered with thick cornified epidermal cells in plaques, shields, or scales Impervious to water resulting in water conservation Pelvic girdle articulates with two sacral vertebrae Digits are supplied with claws

Class Reptilia (Sauropsida)

new kidney of Class Reptilia

Metanephros

Class Reptilia Heart is partially or completely divided into right and left chambers Has _________ circuit

pulmonary and systemic

Class Reptilia Clade ____________ Includes the birds, crocodilians, and the extinct dinosaurs and pterosaurs

Archosauria

Archosaurs along with their sister group the lepidosaurs (lizards and snakes), and turtles form a monophyletic group that cladists call __________

Reptilia

refers to a paraphyletic group that includes the living turtles, lizards, snakes, tuataras, and crocodilians, and a number of extinct groups including plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs

nonavian reptiles

Class Reptilia Subclass _____________ Have a skull with no temporal opening behind the orbits There is no temporal fossa but there is a deep cavitation on each side of the midline

Anapsida

Primitive condition exhibited by basal reptiles and __________ __________ which diverse from another anapsid are the sole living members of group

Chelonia (modern turtles), Turtles

Class Reptilia Order ________________ Stem reptiles Resemble the most primitive extinct amphibians

Captorhinida

Class Reptilia Order ________________ Fossils appear in the Upper Triassic, 220 million years ago Shells consist of a dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron Outer horny layer of keratin and an inner layer of bone Bony layer is a fusion of ribs, vertebrae, and dermally-ossified elements Unique among vertebrates, limbs and limb girdles are located deep to the ribs Lack teeth and use tough, horny plates for gripping food

Order Testudinata(Chelonia)

Order Testudinata(Chelonia) example species

common snapping turtle Galapagos tortoise alligator snapping turtle green sea turtle

Class Reptilia Gave rise to all other traditional “reptiles” (except turtles) and to birds Skull has two temporal openings

Diapsids

Class Reptilia Two clades of Diapsids

Lepidosauromorpha Archosauromorpha

Diapsids Lepidosauromorpha Ichthyosaurs and living reptiles, including lizards and snakes

Lepidosauria

Diapsids Lepidosauromorpha includes extinct aquatic groups including the long-necked plesiosaurs

Sauropterygia

Diapsids Archosauromorpha includes dinosaurs, living crocodilians, and birds

Archosauria

Subclass Contains two extant groups: Rhynchocephalians Squamates

Lepidosauria

Subclass Lepidosauria primitive but with different type of scales, teeth and internal morphology Retain the ancestral diapsid skull

Rhynchocephalians

Subclass Lepidosauria modern lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians Diapsid skull with adaptive modifications

Squamates

Subclass Lepidosauria Order Lizard-like and live in burrows often shared with sea birds called petrels Slow growing and may live to 77 years of age Skull nearly identical to diapsid skulls of 200 million years ago Well-developed median parietal eye buried beneath skin

Order Rhynchocephalia

class reptilia Order Rhynchocephalia represents one of the slowest rates of evolution known among vertebrates diversified modestly in the early Mesozoic but then declined Once widespread across New Zealand, the 2 species are now restricted to small islands

Sphenodon /tuatara

Only _____ living species of tuatara in New Zealand represent this ancient lineage

class reptilia Order Rhynchocephalia Loss of the _________ populations caused by human introduction of nonnative species which preyed upon the __________ ___________ are vulnerable because they have slow growth and reproductive rates

Sphenodon /tuatara

class reptilia Order Most recent and diverse of diaspids Account for up 95% of living nonavian reptiles

Order Squamata

class reptilia appeared in the fossil record in the Permian but did not diversify until the Cretaceous

Lizards

class reptilia appeared in the late Cretaceous from a group whose descendants include monitor lizards

Snakes

class reptilia Order Diaspid skulls have lost dermal bone ventral and posterior to lower temporal opening Allowed evolution in lizards of a kinetic skull with movable joints The quadrate, fused to the skull in other nonavian reptiles, has a joint at the dorsal end and articulates with the lower jaw

Order Squamata

class reptilia Order Joints in palate and across roof of the skull allow snout to be tilted Allows _______ to seize and manipulate prey and effectively close the jaw with force Some are blind, some have spectacles (transparent eyelid) Nictitating membrane is present Teeth are in sockets

Order Squamata

class reptilia Suborder Sauria Diverse group with terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal, and some aerial members Some have degenerate limbs

Lizards

class reptilia Suborder Sauria: Small, agile, nocturnal forms Adhesive toe pads allow them to walk on ceilings

Geckos

class reptilia Suborder Sauria: Include many New World lizards as well as the marine iguana of the Galápagos

Iguanids

class reptilia Suborder Sauria: Arboreal lizards of Africa and Madagascar Many have an extendible tongue

Chameleons

Movable eyelids whereas snakes have a __________ covering

transparent

Nocturnal geckos have retinas with only ________

rods

Day-active lizards have both ___________ in retinas

rods and cones

lizards Have an __________ that snakes lack

external ear

Geckos use __________ to announce territory and drive away males

vocal signals

class reptilia Suborder Sauria: highly specialized for a fossorial (burrowing) life Until recently, were placed in a separate suborder, ___________ because they appeared to be so different from other lizards - morphological and molecular data show they are highly modified lizards

amphisbaenians or “worm lizards”

class reptilia Suborder Sauria: Have elongate, cylindrical bodies of nearly uniform diameter and lack any trace of limbs Eyes are usually hidden below skin and there are no external ear openings Skull is conical or spade-shaped to assist in tunneling

amphisbaenians or “worm lizards”

Suborder Sauria: Lizards examples

flat-headed rock agama central bearded dragon Jackson’s chameleon gecko Prognathodon thorny devil Komodo dragon legless Rhineura anoles

Suborder Limbless and have lost pectoral and pelvic girdles (except in pythons) The many vertebrae are shorter and wider than in other tetrapods, allowing undulation Elevation of the neural spine gives the musculature more leverage Skin is infolded between scales When stretched by a large meal, the skin is unfolded

Serpentes: Snakes

Suborder Serpentes: Snakes allows them to eat prey several times their own diameter Two halves of lower jaw are loosely joined, allowing them to spread apart Skull bones also loosely articulated so mouth can accommodate large prey

Highly kinetic skull

allows breathing in Suborder Serpentes: Snakes

tracheal opening is extended

Suborder Serpentes: Snakes Pair of pits in the roof of the mouth Lined with olfactory epithelium Forked tongue collects scent particles and conveys them to this organ

Jacobson’s organs

Suborder Serpentes: Snakes Eyeballs have reduced mobility and a permanent ___________ for protection

corneal membrane

Most snakes have poor vision Can feel vibrations at low frequencies, especially vibrations carried in the ground

true true

___________ snakes have highly developed vision

Arboreal

snakes Lack _________ and do not respond to most aerial sounds

external ears

Suborder Serpentes: Snakes example species

coast garter snake Barbados snake Indian cobra

snakes use __________ rather than vision or hearing are main senses used to hunt prey

Chemical senses

Red on Yellow kills a Fellow

coral snake

Red on Black friend of Jack

milk snake

class reptilia Subclass Marine reptiles that are contemporaries of the dinosaurs Had a dorsal temporal fossa on each side of the skull might have been a result of evolutionary convergence

Euryapsida

Subclass Euryapsida examples

ichthyosaurs pleiosaurs

class reptilia Subclass Defined as the group of all descendants from the common ancestor for crocodiles and birds Were the dominant land craniates during the Mesozoic Modern crocodilians and birds are the only survivors of the archosaurian lineage

Subclass Archosauria

class reptilia Order The stem archosaurs Teeth set in deep pockets Had pneumatic bones With long neck and tail Extinct

Order Thecodontia

class reptilia Order Clade gave rise to the Mesozoic diversification of dinosaurs and to birds Modern crocodilians differ little from primitive crocodilians of the early Mesozoic All have long, well-reinforced skull and jaw musculature for a powerful bite Have a complete secondary palate, a feature only shared with mammals Four-chambered heart

Crocodilia

There are 3 families of modern crocodilians

Alligators and caimans Crocodiles gavial

There are 3 families of modern crocodilians are found primarily in the New World and have a broader snout

Alligators and caimans

There are 3 families of modern crocodilians are widely distributed

Crocodiles

There are 3 families of modern crocodilians One species of _________ occurs in India and Burma and has a very narrow snout

gavial

Order Crocodilia teeth are set in sockets

Thecodont dentition

Alligators and crocodiles are ______ Usually 20–50 eggs are laid in mass of vegetation Unguarded nests are easily discovered and raided by predators

oviparous

Order Crocodilia High nest temperatures produce ___________ Low temperatures produce ________ Can result in females outnumbering males 5 to 1

males females

Crocodiles vs. Alligators Only the teeth of the upper jaw are exposed along the lower jaw line 4th tooth is hidden

Alligators

Crocodiles vs. Alligators The teeth are exposed all along the jaw line in an interlocking pattern - even when the mouth is closed They also have an enormous 4th tooth on the lower jaw that is accommodated by depressions in the upper jaw just behind the nostrils

Crocodiles

class reptilia Order Extinct group of flying archosaurs Had pneumatic bones like birds but wings are more like those of the bats With an elongated fourth finger

Order Pterosauria

Dinosaurs are divided into two by the structure of their ___________

pelvic girdles

class reptilia Suborder Dinosaurs that are mostly predators

Saurischians

class reptilia Suborder Dinosaurs that are mostly herbivores

ornithischians

class reptilia Subclass Mammal-like reptiles One lateral temporal fossa has 2 orders

Synapsida

class reptilia Subclass Synapsida order Early synapids

Order Pelycosauria

class reptilia Subclass Synapsida order Late synapsids Mammalian precursors

Order Therapsida

Class Over 9,700 species have been described worldwide Only fishes have more species among vertebrates inhabit all biomes, from mountains to prairies, on all oceans, and from the North to the South Pole Some live in dark caves, and some dive to 45 meters depth

Class Aves

Some live in dark caves, and some dive to 45 meters depth

“bee” hummingbird

is the unique and essential feature or hallmark of birds

feather

Some feathers were also present in some ___________ - these feathers were not capable of supporting flight Obviously served in other capacities such as thermoregulation or mating behavior Also serves as protective coloration in other species

theropod dinosaurs

Forelimbs are modified as wings, although not all are capable of flight Hindlimbs are adapted for walking, swimming or perching All have horny, keratinized beaks All lay eggs

birds

birds and non-avian reptiles similarities

Skulls that abut the first neck vertebra by a single ball-and-socket joint Single middle ear bone, the stapes Lower jaw consisting of five or six bones Excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid Similar yolked eggs Embryo develops on surface by shallow cleavage patterns

Adaptation for Flight

With feathers and wings Bones lack ventral marrow or became hollow with extensions from the air sacs to become pneumatic Skull has thinned but stayed durable Bones of the wrist, palm and digits have decreased No teeth No urinary bladder to store urine Large intestine has been shortened so that no feces will be stored

Class Aves Subclass Include a number of basal birds representing a paraphyletic assemblage Skull resembled modern birds but had teeth rather than a beak Skeleton was reptilian with clawed fingers, abdominal ribs, and a long bony tail Feathers were unmistakably imprinted along wings With saurischian pelvis which allowed flight

Archaeornithes

prompted the Subclass Archaeornithes Discovery of the fossil of

Archaeopteryx lithographica in 1861

Class Aves Subclass Includes three subgroups Include all extinct and living birds Four-chambered heart Tail feathers arranged in a fan-like manner around tail stump Fused metacarpals Epidermal scales on bill, legs, feet Bill instead of teeth; teeth absent in modern forms Modifications for flight include hollow bones, pectoral appendages modified as wings, air sacs, large eyes and large cerebellum Modifications for vocalization

Subclass Neornithes

Subclass Neornithes three subgroups:

Odontognathae - toothed marine birds Paleaognathae - ratites Neognathae - all other birds

Class Aves Subclass Neornithes Superorder Used land as base for marine operations Includes: Hesperornis Ichthyornis

Superorder Odontognathae

Class Aves Subclass Neornithes Superorder Odontognathae Covered with small, hairlike feathers Had vestigial wings but had stout legs for wading Diver of fishes

Hesperornis

Class Aves Subclass Neornithes Superorder Odontognathae Active flier that can go offshore to feed

Ichthyornis

Class Aves Subclass Neornithes Superorder Descendants of active fliers but now have small incompetent wings Legs are powerful for running from predators Extant species include rheas, ostriches, emus and cassowaries

Superorder Palaeognathae

Superorder Palaeognathae examples

Rhea Dinornis Struthio Tinamus Apteryx Dromaius Aepyornis Casuarius Pseudocrypturus

Class Aves Subclass Neornithes Superorder Generally called carinates because of the presence of large carina to which large flight muscles attach Migration is a behavioral adaptation due to climatic changes

Superorder Neognathae

_______ are neognaths even though they are not capable of flight - forelimbs have become flippers

Penguins

Class Aves Subclass Neornithes Superorder Neognathae Orders

Order Columbiformes Order Pelecaniformes Order Anseriformes Order Galliformes Order Falconiformes Order Psittaciformes Order Passeriformes

Mammals evolved from ____________ that have a pair of temporal openings in the skull were first amniotes to diversify widely into terrestrial habitats

synapsids

were transitional group between amphibians and synapids succeeded by therapsids (group from which mammals evolved) two occipital condyles Secondary palate Heterodont dentition

Pelycosaurs

Class Amniotes with a synapsid skull, hair and mammary glands with nipples (except monotremes) Single dentary bone (mandible) articulating with the squamosal bone Three bones in the middle ear cavity Muscular diaphragm separating the pleuropericardial from the peritoneal cavity Sweat glands Absence of an adult cloaca (except in monotremes) Biconcave, enucleate red blood cells except in camels and llamas Pinna or auricle for sound-collection Extensive development of the cerebral cortex

Class Mammalia

tooth shape differences along the tooth row—incisors and canines rostrally and cheek teeth (premolars and molars) caudally. These are the four tooth classes of mammals: incisors, canines, and premolars are replaced, they are deciduous teeth

Heterodont dentition

Class Mammalia Subclass Egg laying mammals Mammary glands without nipples Pectoral girdle with separate precoracoid, coracoid, and interclavicle Scapula with spine Oviducts separate With cloaca

Subclass Prototheria

Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria Order Cloaca has a single opening to the exterior All extant species are found in Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand Have heavily yolked eggs Have a ventral mesentery that extends the length of the abdominal cavity Testes are confined in the abdominal cavity Outer ear has no pinna and malleus and incus are larger than most mammals Brain lacks the corpus callosum Have no nipples but have fluid exudates from modified sweat glands Endothermic but their body temperature is less stable

Monotremata

example order Monotremata

platypus, anteater

Class Mammalia Subclass Infraclass Marsupial mammals Yolk sac serves as placenta With an abdominal skin pouch (marsupium) supported by 2 marsupial bones Teats open into the marsupium Precoracoid and interclavicle absent Coracoid reduced Scapula with spine Clavicle present Four molars on each side Shallow or no cloaca Smooth brain Double vagina

Subclass Theria : Infraclass Metatheria

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria Order Fetal yolk sac serves as the placenta Young are born in the larval stage and continues growth in the marsupium (has two epipubic bones) Have shown parallel evolution with other mammals that shared the same environment

Marsupialia

Order Marsupialia example

kangarooo marsupial mole suagr glider tasmanian devil

Class Mammalia Subclass Infraclass The true placental mammals Viviparous with chorioallantoic placenta With0ut marsupium or marsupial bones Shoulder girdle like marsupials Mostly three molars on each side One vagina No cloaca

Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Form the basal mammalian group Subsist on diet of insects, worms and other small invertebrates Primitive traits: Flat-footed (plantigrade) stance Five toes Smooth cerebral hemispheres Small, sharp, pointed teeth Large embryonic allantois and yolk sac Shallow cloaca Testes retained in abdominal cavity

Order Insectivora

Order Insectivora examples

hedgehog solenodon moles white-tooth shrew desman forest shrew

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order New world insectivorous mammals None have incisor, canine or cheek teeth but if present are peglike and lack enamel Anteaters are completely toothless Front claws are for digging Only mammals that develop a true bony dermal armor

Order Xenarthra

Order Xenarthra examples

three-toed sloth pygmy sloth anteaters armadillo

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Central and South American insectivores Elongated snout, long sticky tongue and strong claws on the front feet Teeth are peglike, lack enamel and have shallow roots

Order Tubulidentata

Order Tubulidentata example

aardvark

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Toothless and peculiarly scaly Scales are made of keratin and appear to be agglutinated hairs

Order Pholidota

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Only known craniates to achieve true flight Patagium is made of double membrane stretched along the body First digit of wings bears claws for climbing and all digits of hind limbs have claws for hanging Sternum is keeled

Order Chiroptera

a membrane or fold of skin between the forelimbs and hind limbs on each side of a bat or gliding mammal.

Patagium

Order Chiroptera example

bats

Order Chiroptera nutritional diets

hematophagous frugivorous insectivorous

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Arboreal mammals which arose as an offshoot from Cretaceous insectivores Grasping hands with opposable thumbs Elaborately large cerebral hemispheres Plantigrade with 5 digits Large clavicle Skull is set at right angles to the vertebral column Eyes directed forward and are close together Cerebral hemisphere are highly developed 32 teeth in the permanent set Placenta is deciduate Usually pregnancy produces 1 offspring

Order Primates

primates have ________ teeth in the permanent set

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Primates Suborder Lemurs Lorises Tarsiers

Suborder Prosimii

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Primates Suborder Prosimii have the long axis of the head in line with the vertebrate

Lemurs

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Primates Suborder Prosimii have no tail and the index finger is vestigial

Lorises

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Primates Suborder Prosimii resembles more anthropoids All fingers have nails except 2nd and 3rd Deciduate placenta

Tarsiers

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Primates Suborder Platyrrhines, Catarrhines

Suborder Anthropoidea

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Primates Suborder Anthropoidea New world monkeys Have nostrils opening on the side

Platyrrhines

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Primates Suborder Anthropoidea Cerpithecoids (old world monkeys), pongids (apes, chimps, gorillas) and hominids (humans) Nostrils open downward Have no tails

Catarrhines

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order All are herbivores Two pairs of incisors on the upper jaw and a small pair lying immediately behind Two families

Order Lagomorpha

Two families of

pikas and hares and rabbits

difference of rabbits and hares and pikas

Rabbits are generally helpless when born while hares are active within an hour Pikas have smaller bodies and limbs of equal length

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Largest mammalian order Single pair of curved incisor teeth on each jaw Teeth grow throughout life with canine teeth absent Cellulose eaters thereby adapting the cecum to house cellulose-digesting microorganisms

Order Rodentia

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Have powerful jaws with sharp canine teeth Have 42 teeth with premolars tricuspid and molars have four cusps Clavicles are reduced, vestigial or absent Cerebral cortex is unusually convoluted compared to most mammals With 5 or 4 digits usually with retractable claws

Order Carnivora (Fissipedia)

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivores adapted for aquatic life Feed in fish, squid, molluscs and crustaceans Leaves the water once a year to breed and young are born on land unable to swim Webbed paddle-like limbs (flippers) without claws

Order Pinnipedia

Mammals that walk on the tips of the toes protected by hoofs Have no more than 4 toes on each foot, others have only 1 such as horses Herbivorous with the molar teeth adapted for grinding vegetation Only mammals with horns

Ungulates

include elephants, hyraxes and manatees

Subungulates

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Walk on the hoofed tips of one, three or four toes Body weight is borne on a single digit called the mesaxonic foot Usually called odd-toed ungulates

Order Perissodactyla

Order Perissodactyla examples

horses. zebras, rhinos

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Ungulates in which the weight is born on two toes called the paraxonic foot Had even number of toes on the foot Most are ruminants except for pigs

Order Artiodactyla

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Flat-footed but all except one digits end on hoofs

Order Hyracoidea

Order Artiodactyla examples

giraffe, deer, camels

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Have a proboscis, scanty hair and thick, wrinkled skin Incisor are elongated to form tusks, canine teeth are absent and molars are large Five toes that end in hooflike nails with an elastic pad that supports the weight

Order Proboscidea

Order Proboscidea example

elephants

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Strictly vegetarian Forelimbs are paddles with the hindlimb loss along evolution The only completely aquatic mammals together with cetaceans

Order Sirenia

Order Sirenia examples

dugong. manetee, sea cow

Class Mammalia Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria Order Permanently marine mammals Forelimbs are paddle-like with hindlimbs vestigial Nostrils are on top of the head forming a blowhole Most have teeth but others have baleen (whalebone)

Order Cetacea

example of Order Cetacea

dolphins, whales

Parade of the Craniates in Time and Taxa Flashcards

(321 cards)