Circulatory System

Question 1

What is blood pressure?

Answer 1

The force exerted by blood on the muscular walls of blood vessels

Blood pressure rises and falls as the heart beats.

Question 2

When is blood pressure highest?

Answer 2

During systole, when the heart contracts

Systolic BP ranges from 90 - 120 mm Hg.

Question 3

What is systolic blood pressure?

Answer 3

The pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts

Normal range is 90 - 120 mm Hg.

Question 4

When is blood pressure lowest?

Answer 4

During diastole, when the heart is at rest

Diastolic pressure ranges from 60 - 80 mm Hg.

Question 5

What happens if blood thickens?

Answer 5

The heart pumps harder to push it

This can lead to increased blood pressure.

Question 6

How does a low salt diet affect blood pressure?

Answer 6

Reduces water retention, thus decreasing blood volume & pressure

Salt promotes water retention, which increases blood pressure.

Question 7

What role does stress play in blood pressure?

Answer 7

Releases hormones that constrict blood vessels, increasing resistance to flow

This can lead to higher blood pressure.

Question 8

What is considered hypertension?

Answer 8

Blood pressure regularly rising over 140/90 mm Hg

Hypertension can lead to serious health issues.

Question 9

What are the consequences of hypertension on arterial walls?

Answer 9

Causes tears and swelling in arterial walls

White blood cells and other substances collect around the tears.

Question 10

What happens if a plaque ruptures?

Answer 10

A blood clot forms on the top of the tears

This can clog the artery even more.

Question 11

What can blocked vessels that feed the heart cause?

Answer 11

A heart attack

Blocked vessels can severely impact heart function.

Question 12

What can blocked vessels that feed the brain cause?

Answer 12

A stroke

This can lead to significant neurological damage.

Question 13

What is a normal blood pressure reading?

Answer 13

120/80 mm Hg

This is considered a standard normal reading.

Question 14

Heart murmurs

Answer 14

Due to a leaky valve (problem with valve closing)

Question 15

Causes of hypertension

Answer 15

Genetics, diet (high salt intake), stress, age

Question 16

ECG?

Answer 16

The record of electrical impulses ( changes ) in the heart
Reads the change in electrical activity in various body tissues
Compares the activities of various areas

Question 17

SA node (sinoatrial node) AKA pacemaker

Answer 17

In wall of right atrium
Receives message from medulla oblongata and sends message to make both atria contract
Impulse travels to AV node

Question 18

Factors affecting BP

Answer 18

-exercise
-cholesterol build up
-vasoconstriction/vasodilation (controlled by hypothalamus)
-increase/decrease blood = controlled by hormones from hypothalamus, process occurs in kidneys

Question 19

Hypotension

Answer 19

Lower BP (systolic below 100)
Body adjusts by activating sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate

Question 20

Hypertension

Answer 20

Higher BP
Makes heart work harder = body adjusts by activating parasympathetic nervous system to slow heart rate

Question 21

Circulatory disorders

Answer 21

Arteriosclerosis = (hardening of the arteries)
Atherosclerosis = (plaque buildups in arteries, blood flow very slow)
Aneurysm = (weakening of artery wall)
Varicose veins = valves become weak, allow backflow/pooling of veins
Coronary circuit plugged = cause heart attack

Question 22

Types of blood vessels

Answer 22

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

Question 23

Coronary circuit

Answer 23

Made of blood vessels that feed the heart tissue (myocardium)
Blood vessels=coronary arteries/arterioles, capillaries, cardiac venules/veins
Heart doesn’t use the blood in inner chambers

Question 24

Vascular pathway (3 main pathways from the heart)

Answer 24

1. Pulmonary (lungs)
2. Systemic (body)
3. Coronary (heart)

Question 25

Components of blood

Answer 25

1. Plasma (90% H2O) 2. WBC’s (leukocytes) 3. RBC’s (erythrocytes) 4. Platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 26

Lymphatic system (3 main functions that contribute to homeostasis)

Answer 26

1. Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to blood stream 2. Lymphatic capillaries absorb fats from digestive tract and return to blood stream 3. Lymphoid organs help defend body against disease

Question 27

Lymphatic system consists of

Answer 27

1. Lymph vessels 2. Lymph nodes 3. Lymphoid organs 4. Lymph fluid

Question 28

Intrinsic control

Answer 28

Each time the heart beats: -2 atria contract simultaneously -the 2 ventricles contract simultaneously -all the chambers relax

Question 29

Extrinsic control

Answer 29

-nervous stimulation may speed up or slow down heartbeat -regulated by autonomic nervous system’s 2 divisions: 1. Parasympathetic nervous system 2. Sympathetic nervous system

Question 30

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 30

Regulates normal activities. May cause heart to slow down during relaxation

Question 31

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 31

Responds to stress and increases blood flow to tissues - speeds up heartbeat

Question 32

ECG waves

Answer 32

P wave occurs just prior to atrial contraction QRS complex occurs just prior to ventricular contraction T wave occurs after ventricular contraction

Question 33

Arterioles

Answer 33

-small arteries -less elastic than arteries -selectively open and close to allow blood flow to capillaries only in areas requiring blood

Question 34

Capillaries

Answer 34

-Smooth muscle that encircles entrance of capillary called pre-capillary sphincters -Walls only 1 cell thick for nutrient and waste exchange

Question 35

Venules

Answer 35

Small veins that draw blood from capillaries

Question 36

Lymph fluid

Answer 36

Consists of water, electrolytes, lymphocytes, plasma proteins Fluid that’s collected by lymph vessels

Question 37

Blood vessel circuit

Answer 37

Heart —> arteries —> arterioles —> capillaries —> venules —> veins—> back to heart

Question 38

Atherosclerosis

Answer 38

When the artery’s walls are stiffened and thickened

Question 39

Lymph enters the circulatory system at?

Answer 39

The subclavian vein

Question 40

How many heart valves would a blood cell travelling from the renal vein to the pulmonary vein pass through?

Answer 40

2