Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Circulatory System: Heart > Flashcards

Circulatory System: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system is composed of what?

A

The heart and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The circulatory system is composed of what?

A

The, blood vessels, and the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two major divisions of the circulatory system?

A

The pulmonary circuit-right side of the heart

The systemic circuit-left side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

A

it carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

A

Supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What side of the heart receives oxygen rich blood and send it out and which side receives oxygen poor blood

A

Left side receives Oxy rich blood and sends it out

right side receives oxy poor blood and sends it to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What blood vessel does oxygen rich blood travel through to leave the heart?

A

the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what blood vessel does oxygen poor blood leave the heart through when traveling to the lungs

A

the pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

the double-walled sac that encloses the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Allows the heart to beat without friction while also resisting excessive expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the serous membrane that covers the heart?

A

the visceral pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

the outter layer of the heart wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

the smooth inner lining of the heart and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two components of the myocardium

A

the layer of cardiac muscle

the fibrous skeleton of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the atrioventricular sulcus seperate?

A

The atria and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the interventricular sulcus?

A

The sulcus that divides the right ventricle from the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do the sulci of the heart contain?

A

the coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the name of the wall that separates the atria?

A

the interatrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the pectinate muscles

A

the internal ridges of the myocardium in the right atrium and both auricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the name of the muscular wall that separates the ventricles?

A

the inter-ventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the internal ridges of the ventricles and what are their function?

A

The trabeculae carneae

prevent ventricular walls from sticking together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the name of the right atrioventricular valve

A

the tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the name of the left atrioventricular valve?

A

the mitral valve aka the bicuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the name of the cords that attach the AV valves to the papillary muscles?

A

the chordae tendineae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

A

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

A

between the left ventricle and aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What % of total blood volume is pumped to the heart itself?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does the coronary artery branch from?

A

the ascending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two main branches of the Left coronary artery?

A
  • the anterior inter-ventricular branch

- the circumflex branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where does the interventricular branch of the LCA supply blood?

A

Both ventricles and the anterior two thirds of the inter-ventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where does the circumflex branch of the LCA supply blood to?

A

the left atrium and the posterior wall of the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The RCA supply blood to____ before it brances

A

the right atrium and the SA node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What ate the two main branches of the RCA? what do they supply?

A
  • The right marginal branch-lateral aspect of right side of heart
  • Posterior interventricular branch-posterior walls of the ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Flow through the coronary arteries is greatest when _____

A

the heart relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Angina pectoris is ____

A

chest pain from partil obstruction of the coronary blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

5-10% of coronary blood drains directly into the ____ via the ___ veins

A

right ventricle

thebesian veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Most of the coronary blood drains back into the heart via the _____

A

coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the three main inputs of the coronary sinus?

A
  • great cardiac vein
  • posterior interventricular vein
  • left marginal veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are cardiomyocytes?

A

cardiac muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Repair of damage to cardiac muscle is almost entirely by ___

A

fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the three features of the intercalated disks?

A

interdigitating folds
mechanical junctions
electrical junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the two types of mechanical junctions in cardiac muscle?

A
  • The fascia adherens

- the desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are fascia adherens?

A

where the actin of the muscle cells are anchored to the plasma membrane of the adjoining cell via trans-membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the electrical junction in cardiac muscle?

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why is cardiac muscle fatigue resistant?

A

because it makes very little use of anaerobic fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the primary pacemaker in the heart? what is it exactly?

A

The sinoatrial node (SA)

a grouping of modified cardiomyocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Where is the SA node located and what is its function?

A

located in the right atrium near the base of the superior vena cava

it initiates each heart beat and sets heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What occurs once the SA node activates?

A

the atria contract?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the five steps f heart contraction?

A
  • The SA node fires
  • The atria contract
  • the AV node is activated
  • impulse travels down the AV bundle(bundle of his)
  • The ventricles contract in a upward path
51
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do to the heart?

A

they increase heart rate

52
Q

What parasympathetic nerve is associated with the pacemakers of the heart?

A

the vagus nerve

53
Q

Systole=

A

Contraction

54
Q

Diastole=

A

relaxation

55
Q

What is sinus rhythm?

A

normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node

70-80 bpm (vagal tone)

56
Q

What is ectopic focus?

A

a region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node?

57
Q

What causes ectopic focus?

A

-If SA node is damaged\

58
Q

If the SA node is damged what takes over?

A

The AV node at around 40-50 BPM

59
Q

What is unique about the resting membrain potential of the SA node cells?

A

It is not stable. It has a stead increase due to leaky sodium channels

60
Q

Why does the heart contraction impulse slow down between the atria and the ventricles?

A

to allow time for the ventricles to fill

61
Q

What is unique about the action potential of myocardium?

A

After the AP peaks it plateau’s

62
Q

What allows the AP of myocardium to plateau?

A

After the peak of the AP calcium channels open slowing down the contraction

63
Q

Why is the plateau phase of myocardial contraction important?

A

because it prevents summation and tetanus that could potentially stop the heart

64
Q

What is an EKG/ECG?

A

a composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified, and recorded by electrodes

65
Q

The P wave of an EKG is what event?

A

the firing of the SA node, depolarization and contraction of the atria

66
Q

How long after SA signal does atrial systole begin?

A

100ms

67
Q

The QRS complex wave of an EKG is what event?

A

the ventricular depolarization

68
Q

The ST segment of an EKG is what event?

A

the plateau in myocardial action potential

69
Q

The T wave of an EKG is what event?

A

Ventricular repolarization

70
Q

What is V-Fib

A

Ventricular fibrillation

71
Q

What is a ventricular fibrillation?

A

a serious arrhythmia caused by electrical signals traveling randomly

72
Q

What is the intention of Defibrillation?

A

the depolarize the entire myocardium in hopes that it will reset the heart to sinus rhythm

73
Q

the cardiac cycle is ___

A

one complete contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart

74
Q

What is valvular insufficiency ?

A

any failure of a valve to prevent reflux

75
Q

What is valvular stenosis?

A

when the cusps are stiffended and the opening is coonstricted by scar tissue

76
Q

what causes heart murmurs?

A

regurgitation of blood through incompetent valves

77
Q

The fist heart sound is the sound of ____

A

the closure of the AV valves, turbulence, and movments of the heart wall

78
Q

the second heart sound is___

A

the closure of the semilunar valves

79
Q

What are the four phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular filling
Isovolumetric contraction
ventricular ejection
isovolumetric relaxation

80
Q

What occurs during the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Ventricles expand and pressure drops below that of atria

- AV valves open and blood flows into ventricles three phases of filling

81
Q

What are the three phases of ventricular filling?

A
  • Rapid filling-first 1/3
  • Diastasis: slower filling (second 1/3) P wave occurs at the end of this step
  • Atrial systole: atrium contracts filling the final 1/3
82
Q

What is the average EDV in each ventricle?

A

about 130mL

83
Q

What occurs during the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • the atria repolarize and are done
  • Ventricles depolarize and cause QRS complex
  • AV valves close
  • S1 occurs
84
Q

What does Isovolumetric contraction mean?

A

the ventricles are contracting but not yet ejecting blood as the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk are still too high

85
Q

What occurs during the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Pressure peaks in the ventricles causing the opening of the semi-lunar valves
  • Blood is ejected first in a quick burst than slower as pressure decreases
  • Corresponds with plateau phase of cardiac action potential
  • T wave occurs late in this phase
86
Q

Normal stroke volume is ?

A

70mL

87
Q

What is norm ESV?

A

around 60mL

88
Q

What occurs during the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • T wave ends and ventricles begin to expand
  • Semi-lunar valves close
  • S2 occurs
89
Q

Atrial systole lasts about ____ seconds?

A

0.1

90
Q

Ventricular systole lasts about ___ seconds?

A

0.3

91
Q

Quiescent period lasts about ___ seconds?

A

0.4

92
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF)is a result of?

A

Failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively

93
Q

What are some causes of CHF

A

Weak heart due to MI
chronic hypertension
heart defects

94
Q

What occurs if the left ventricle fails

A

the blood backs up into lungs causing pulmonary edema

95
Q

What occurs if the right ventricle fails?

A

blood backs up into the vena cava causing systemic edema

96
Q

Cardiac output is___

A

the amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute

97
Q

How is Cardiac output calculated?

A

Heart rate X Stroke volume

98
Q

What is the cardiac reserve?

A

the difference between a persons max CO and resting CO

99
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

A resting heartbeat of 100bpm or higher

100
Q

What is bradycardia

A

resting heartrate of less than 60 bpm

101
Q

What is a positive chronotropic agent?

A

factors that raise heartrate

102
Q

what is a negative chronotropic agent?

A

factors that lower heartrate

103
Q

What is the autonmic nervous systems role in heart rate?

A

it modulates the rhythm and force

104
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are ___

A

adrenergic

105
Q

What occurs when norepinephrine binds to the heart?

A

it activates cAMP second messenger system in cardiomyocytes and nodal cells

106
Q

What does the activation of cAMP do to the cardiac cells

A
  • leads to the opening of Ca++ channel
  • increased Ca++ accelerates depolarization of SA node
  • accelerates the uptake of Ca++ as well leading to a quick relaxation of the heart as well
107
Q

How does the parasympathetic vagus nerve effect heartrate?

A
  • it releases ACh
  • this opens K+ gates in nodal cells
  • The increased outflow of K+ causes hyperpolarization and less frequent firing
108
Q

Without influence the hears standard rate is?

A

100bpm

109
Q

What is vagal tone?

A

Steady background firing rate of the vagus nerves

around 70-80 BPM

110
Q

What do Baroreceptors detect?

A

pressure in the arteries

111
Q

How does nicotine effect heartrate?

A

increases it by stimulating catecholamine secretions

112
Q

how does thyroid hormone effect heart rate?

A

it increases the number of adrenergic receptors on the heart so it is more responsive to adrenergic stimulation

113
Q

How does caffeine effect heart rate?

A

it inhibits cAMP breakdown, prolonging adrenergic effects

114
Q

How does Hyperkalemia effect heart rate?

A

it makes the heart less excitable slowing it down

115
Q

how does hypokalemia effect heart rate?

A

the cells hyper polarize and require more stimulation

116
Q

How does hypercalcemia effect heart rate?

A

decreases heart rate and contraction strength

117
Q

how does hypocalcemia effect heart rate?

A

increases heart rate and contraction strength

118
Q

What three variabes govern stroke volume?

A

preload
contractility
afterload

119
Q

What is frank-starlings law of the heart

A

Stroke volume is proportional to the end diastolic volume

120
Q

What is the afterload in the heart?

A

the sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood from the ventricles

121
Q

What do Proprioceptors signal?

A

the cardiac center to prepare it for activity

122
Q

What is Coronary artery disease?

A

a constriction of the coronary arteries

123
Q

What are foam cells?

A

Macrophages that have absorbed fat and balloon up

124
Q

What is a major risk factor for CAD

A

excess LDL leves

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions