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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

A system of tubes that delivers air to the lungs and exchanges gasses

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2
Q

Respiratory system and the _____ collaborate to

regulate the body’s acid–base balance

A

urinary system

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3
Q

What are some of the 8 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Gas exchange: O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air
  2. Communication: speech and other vocalizations
  3. Olfaction: sense of smell
  4. Acid-Base balance: influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2
  5. Blood pressure regulation: by helping in synthesis of angiotensin II
  6. Blood and lymph flow: breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax
    and abdomen that promote flow of lymph and blood
  7. Blood filtration: lungs filter small clots
  8. Expulsion of abdominal contents: breath-holding assists in urination,
    defecation, and childbirth((Valsalva maneuver)
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4
Q

What are the 6 principal organs of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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5
Q

The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes?

A
  • Nostrils through the major bronchioles
  • Passages that serve only for air flow
  • no gas exchange*
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6
Q

Respiratory zone of the respiratory system includes?

A

alveoli and other gas exchange regions

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7
Q

The upper respiratory system composed of the ____ through the ___

A

Nose through larynx

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8
Q

The lower respiratory system is the _____ to the ____

A

trachea through the lungs

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9
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A
  • Warms, cleans, humidifies air
  • Olfactory function
  • resonating chamber for voice
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10
Q

What are the Ala nasi

A

flared portion at lower end of
nose shaped by alar cartilages and
dense connective tissue

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11
Q

The nose extends from the ___ to the ___

A

Nostrils to the Choanae

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12
Q

the chamber just inside nostrils
lined with stratified squamous epithelium
and vibrissae is called the

A

Vestibule

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13
Q

The chamber behind the vestibule is occupied by the ___

A

Nasal conchae

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14
Q

What are the nasal conchae? their functions?

A
  • Three folds of tissue (superior, middle, inferior)behind the vestibule
  • Create turbulence to insure all air comes into contact with Mucus membranes
  • Cleans, warms, moistens the air
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15
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the Olfactory epithelium

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

epithelium

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16
Q

What are the Nasal fossae?

A

right and

left halves of nasal cavity

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17
Q

The Pharynx extends from the ___ to the ___

A

Choanae to the larynx

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18
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

-Nasopharynx- contains
pharyngeal tonsil
-oropharynx-Space between soft palate and epiglottis-Contains palatine tonsils
-Laryngopharynx(Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage)( Esophagus begins at that point)

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19
Q

What is the larynx?

A
  • The voice box

- A cartilaginous chamber

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20
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A
  • to keep food and drink out of the airway

- Produce sound speech

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21
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A
  • Guards the superior opening of the larynx

- Closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it

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22
Q

How many cartilages make up the larynx?

What are they?

A

9

  • Epiglottic
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Three small paired cartilages
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23
Q

the two types of interior folds within the larynx?

Functions?

A
  • Superior vestibular folds- Close the larynx during swallowing
  • Inferior vocal cords- produce sound
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24
Q

What is the glottis?

A

—the vocal cords and the

opening between them

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25
Q

What is the function of the Superior extrinsic muscles?

A

they Elevate the larynx during swallowing

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26
Q

What is the function of the Deep intrinsic muscles

A

operate the vocal cords

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27
Q

What is the trachea?

A
  • The wind pipe

- inferior to the larynx

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28
Q

How is the trachea supported?

A

16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

What epithelium lines the trachea? what are its specific functions?

A 
-ciliated
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-make up the Mucociliary escalator: mechanism for
debris removal
-Goblet cells produce some mucus
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30
Q

What is the middle tracheal layer?

A

-connective tissue
beneath the tracheal epithelium
– Contains lymphatic nodules, mucous and
serous glands, and the tracheal cartilages

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31
Q

What is the outermost layer of trachea called? its composition and function?

A

-Called the Adventitia
– Fibrous connective tissue that blends into
adventitia of other organs of mediastinum

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32
Q

The trachea branches into the left and right ___

A

Main Bronchi

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33
Q

What is the Carina?

A

internal medial ridge
in the lowermost tracheal
cartilage

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34
Q

What are the for main anatomical features of the lungs?

A

-Base: broad concave portion
-Apex: tip that projects just
above the clavicle
-Costal surface: pressed against the ribcage
-Mediastinal surface: faces
medially toward the heart

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35
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have? name them what separate them?

A

3
-Superior, middle, inferior
-separated by horizontal and
oblique fissure

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36
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have? name them what separate them?

A

2

  • superior and inferior
  • a singe oblique fissure
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37
Q

the ____ bronchus is slightly wider and more

vertical than left

A

Right

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38
Q

You have ___ Primary Bronchi Which branch into ___ bronchi

A

2

Secondary (Lobar)

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39
Q

How many Lobar (secondary) bronchi does each lung have?

A
  • Right: three one for each lobe

- Left: two once for each lobe

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40
Q

The lobar (secondary) bronchi branch into ___ bronchi

A

Segmental(tertiary) bronchi

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41
Q

How many segmental (tertiary) bronchi does each lung have?

A
  • Right : 10

- Left: 8

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42
Q

All bronchi are lined with ______epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified

columnar

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43
Q

Tertiary Bronchi branch into ___ that divide into ____

A
  • Bronchioles

- 50-80 terminal branches

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44
Q

Bronchioles have ____ epithelium

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium

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45
Q

terminal Bronchioles are the final branches of the _____ zone of the respiratory system

A

Conducting zone

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46
Q

Each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller _____

bronchioles

A

Respiratory

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47
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are the beginning of the ___ zone

A

respiratory

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48
Q

Respiratory bronchioles have ___ budding from their walls

A

Alveoli

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49
Q

Respiratory bronchioles end in

A

alveolar sacs

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50
Q

What are alveolar sacs

A

clusters of alveoli arrayed around a central space called the
atrium

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51
Q

How many alveoli does each lung contain?

A

150 million

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52
Q

How much gas exchanging surface area is in each lung

A

70 square meters

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53
Q

What are the three types of alveolar cells? their basic functions?

A
  • Squamous( type I):Gas exchange 95% of surface
  • Great (type II):maintenance 5% of surface
  • Alveolar macrophages (dust cells): eat dust
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54
Q

How do type II alveolar cells function to maintain the lungs?

A
  • They repair Type I cells when they are damaged

- they secrete pulmonary surfactant

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55
Q

How are type I alveolar cells connected to capillaries?

A

via a shared basement membrane

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56
Q

The capillaries the surround the alveoli are supplied by the ____

A

pulmonary artery

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57
Q

What is the Respiratory membrane?

A

thin
barrier between the alveolar
air and blood

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58
Q

What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

A 
– Squamous alveolar cells
– Endothelial cells of blood
capillary
– Their shared basement
membrane
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59
Q

What is the serous membrane that covers the lungs?

A

the visceral pleura

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60
Q

What is the Parietal pleura?

A

—adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of the rib

cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm

61
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

potential space between pleurae

62
Q

What are the tree functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid

A

– Reduce friction
– Create pressure gradient
• Lower pressure than atmospheric pressure; assists lung inflation
– Compartmentalization
• Prevents spread of infection from one organ in mediastinum to others

63
Q

What is Breathing (pulmonary ventilation)

A

a repetitive

cycle of inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling)

64
Q

What is the respiratory cycle?

A

one complete inspiration and expiration

65
Q

Flow of air in and out of lung depends on a_____ between air within lungs and outside body

A

Pressure gradient

66
Q

What are the three Respiratory muscles?

A
  • The diaphragm
  • Internal and external intercostal muscles
  • Scalenes
67
Q

what occurs When the diaphragm contracts

A

The diaphragm flattens enlarging the thoracic cavity moving air into the lungs

68
Q

What occurs when the diaphragm relaxes?

A

the diaphragm bulges upwards compressing the lungs and expelling air

69
Q

What is normal quiet respiration

A

while at rest, effortless, and automatic

70
Q

What is forced respiration

A

deep, rapid breathing, such as during exercise

71
Q

What is normal quiet expiration?

A

Energy saving passive emptying of the lungs due to elasticity of the lungs

72
Q

What are valsalva maneuvers?

A

onsists of taking a deep breath,
holding it by closing the glottis, and then contracting
the abdominal muscles to raise abdominal pressure
and push organ contents out
– Childbirth, urination, defecation, vomiting

73
Q

Automatic breathing is controlled by ___ pairs of respiratory centers in the ___ of the ___ and ___

A
  • Three
  • Reticular formation
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
74
Q

the three pairs of respiratory centers are called respiratory ___

A

groups

75
Q

What are the three respiratory groups?

A

-Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
-Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
-Pontine respiratory group
(PRG)

76
Q

What are the functions of the Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

-This is the primary generator of respiratory rhythm
-inspiratory neurons
fire for about 2 seconds
-Expiratory neurons in eupnea fire for about 3
seconds
-Produces a respiratory rhythm of 12 breaths per
minute

77
Q

What are the functions of the Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)?

A
  • Modifies the rate and depth of breathing

* Receives influences from external sources

78
Q

What are the functions of the Pontine respiratory group?

A 
Modifies rhythm of the VRG by
outputs to both the VRG and
DRG
– Adapts breathing to special
circumstances such as sleep,
exercise, vocalization, and
emotional responses
79
Q

What is Hyperventilation

A

anxiety-triggered state in which
breathing is so rapid that it expels CO2 from the body
faster than it is produced

80
Q

Central chemo receptors detect pH change in the ___

A

cerebrospinal fluid

81
Q

What is the function of stretch receptors in the smooth muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles?

A

– Respond to inflation of the lungs
– Inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex: triggered by excessive
inflation
• Protective reflex that inhibits inspiratory neurons and stops
inspiration

82
Q

What are irritant receptors?

A

Receptors in the epithelial cells of the airway that detect irritants and trigger appropriate reactions

83
Q

Where do voluntary control of breathing originate? how are signals sent

A

-motor cortex of frontal lobe
-Sends impulses down corticospinal tracts to respiratory
neurons in spinal cord, bypassing brainstem

84
Q

Flow of air and fluid is directly proportional to the _____ difference between the two points

A

Pressure

85
Q

Flow of air and fluid is inversely proportional to the ___

A

resistance

86
Q

1 atm of pressure (sea level) equals how many mm Hg?

A

760

87
Q

Boyle’s law states that___

A

—at a constant temperature, the pressure
of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to
its volume

88
Q

How is Boyle’s law applied to lunges?

A
  • If lung volume increases than pressure will decrease causing an influx of air
  • if lung volume decreases pressure increases. once pressure is above atm pressure than the air will flow out
89
Q

What is the medical unit for pressure

A

cm H2O

90
Q

What is the measurment of cm H2O? why is it used?

A

-This measures how far a column of water would be moved
by a given pressure
-This is more sensitive than mm Hg, since Hg (mercury) is a
heavy liquid

91
Q

What is the conversion of mm Hg to cm H2O

A

1 mm Hg = 1.4 cm H2O

92
Q

What is Intrapleural pressure?

A

the slightly negative pressure

that exists between the two pleural layers

93
Q

What is charles law?

A

volume of a gas is directly

proportional to its absolute temperature

94
Q

How is charles law applied to lungs

A

Air in warmed when inhaled so the volume of air will increase by the time it reaches the alvoli

95
Q

what is a Pneumothorax?

A

—presence of air in pleural cavity

-Causes lungs to collapse due to lose of interpleural pressure

96
Q

Increasing resistance ____ airflow

A

Decreases

97
Q

What two factors influence airway resistance?

A

bronchiole diameter and pulmonary compliance

98
Q

What is Pulmonary compliance

A

the ease with which the lungs can expand

99
Q

What is Physiologic (total) dead space

A

sum of anatomic dead space and any

pathological alveolar dead space

100
Q

How do you calculate Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

A

Air that ventilates alveoliamount inhaled minus amount in deadspace (350 mL) × respiratory rate (12 bpm) = 4,200
mL/min.

101
Q

What is a Spirometer?

A

a device that recaptures expired breath and
records such variables as rate and depth of breathing,
speed of expiration, rate of oxygen consumption, and
respiratory volumes and capacities

102
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of

breathing (500 mL)

103
Q

What is Inspiratory reserve volume?

A

air in excess of tidal volume that can

be inhaled with maximum effort (3,000 mL)

104
Q

What is Expiratory reserve volume?

A

air in excess of tidal volume that can

be exhaled with maximum effort (1,200 mL)

105
Q

What is Residual volume?

A

air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (1,300 mL)

106
Q

What is Vital capacity?

A

total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort
– VC = ERV + TV + IRV (4,700 mL)
– Important measure of pulmonary health

107
Q

What is the Functional residual capacity?

A

amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration
– FRC = RV + ERV (2,500 mL)

108
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Total lung capacity: maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
– TLC = RV + VC (6,000 mL)

109
Q

What are restrictive respiratory disorders?

A

those that reduce pulmonary
compliance
– Any disease that produces pulmonary fibrosis such as black lung
disease, tuberculosis
– Limit the amount to which the lungs can be inflated
– TLC, FRC, and others go down

110
Q

What are obstructive respiratory disorders?

A

those that interfere with airflow by
narrowing or blocking the airway
– Asthma, chronic bronchitis (emphysema combines elements of
restrictive and obstructive disorders)
– Make it harder to inhale or exhale a given amount of air
– TLC, FRC, and others go up lungs hyperinflate to resistance

111
Q

What is Eupnea?

A

Normal breathing
Tidal volume 500
12-15bpm

112
Q

What is Apnea?

A

temporary cessation of breathing

113
Q

What is Dyspnea?

A

labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath

114
Q

What is Hyperpnea?

A

—increased rate and depth of breathing in response to

exercise, pain, or other conditions

115
Q

What is Hyperventilation?

A

—increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic

demand

116
Q

What is Hypoventilation?

A

reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in

blood CO2

117
Q

What is Kussmaul respiration?

A

deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis

118
Q

What is Orthopnea?

A

—dyspnea that occurs when person is lying down

119
Q

What is Respiratory arrest?

A

permanent cessation of breathing

120
Q

What is Tachypnea?

A

—accelerated respiration

121
Q

What is dalton’s law?

A

—total atmospheric pressure is the sum

of the contributions of the individual gases

122
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

the separate contribution of each gas in a

mixture

123
Q

according to daltons law, At 760mm Hg what portion of that pressure comes from nitrogen nitrogen composes 78.6% of the atmospere

A

PN2 = 78.6% × 760 mm Hg = 597 mm Hg

124
Q

What three factors make alveolar air different from inspired air?

A
  • It is humidified, PH2O is 10X than inhaled air
  • It is mixed with residual air from previous cycles
  • Alveolar air exchanges O2 and CO2 with blood
125
Q

What is Alveolar gas exchange?

A

—the swapping of O2 and CO2

across the respiratory membrane

126
Q

Give a brief overview of what occurs during alveolar gas exchange

A
  • Air is inhaled
  • Air in alveolus comes into contact with film of water covering the alveoli
  • O2 dissolves into the water and can enter the bloodstream through the respiratory membrane
127
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

at the air–water interface, for a given temperature, the amount of gas that
dissolves in the water is determined by its
solubility in water and its partial pressure in
air

128
Q

What causes gasses to diffuse?

A

the difference in the pressure gradients.

The P-pressure of a dissolved gas seeks an equilibrium with that of the same gas in the alveolar air

129
Q

The pressure gradient of CO2 in the blood vs alveolar air is much less than that of O2. How then are the two gasses exchanged at nearly equal rates?

A

CO2 is 10 times as soluble than O2 and diffuses more rapidly

130
Q

What is perfusion coupling?

A

The ability to match air flow and blood flow to each other

131
Q

O2 in the blood is found in ___ and ___ . What percentages are they found?

A
  • Hemoglobin 98.5%

- dissolved in plasma 1.5%

132
Q

Where is CO2 in transport?

A
  • 90% is in the form of carbonic acid
  • 5% is bound to proteins
  • 5% is dissolved in plasma
133
Q

What four factors adjust the rate of O2 unloading to match need?

A
  • Ambient PO2
  • Temp.
  • Bohr effect
  • concentration of (BPG)biphosphoglycerate
134
Q

How does ambient PO2 adjust the rate of O2 unloading?

A

Active tissue has less PO2 so more O2 is released

135
Q

How does the Bohr effect adjust the rate of O2 unloading?

A

-Bohr effect is the ambient pH’s effect on O2 loading

Active tissue has more CO2 which lowers pH causing more O2 unloading

136
Q

How does temperature adjust the rate of O2 unloading?

A

Active tissue has higher temperatures promoting O2 unloading

137
Q

How does BPG concentration adjust the rate of O2 unloading?

A

-RBCs produce BPG which binds to Hb; O2 is
unloaded
-increase in body temp (fever), thyroxine, growth
hormone, testosterone, and epinephrine all
raise BPG and promote O2 unloading

138
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

—low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2

139
Q

What are normal arterial blood levels of pH, PCO2, and PO2?

A
  • pH: 7.35 to 7.45
  • PCO2: 40mm Hg
  • PO2: 95mm Hg
140
Q

Order the the stimulus that effect breathing from most potent to least

A
  • pH
  • CO2
  • O2
141
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is adjusted to maintain ___ of

the brain

A

pH

142
Q

Central chemoreceptors in medulla produce about____ of

the change in respiration induced by pH shift

A

75%

143
Q

• Hydrogen ions also stimulate peripheral
chemoreceptors which produce ___ of the
respiratory response to pH changes

A

25%

144
Q

Acidosis is defined as ?

A

a blood pH lower than 7.35

145
Q

Alkalosis is defined as?

A

a blood pH higher than 7.45

146
Q

What is Hypocapnia?

A

PCO2 less than 37 mm Hg (normal 37
to 43 mm Hg)
• Most common cause of alkalosis

147
Q

What is Hypercapnia?

A

—PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg

• Most common cause of acidosis

148
Q

What is a corrective homeostatic response to acidosis?

A

Hyperventilation

149
Q

_____can be a corrective homeostatic

response to alkalosis

A

Hypoventilation

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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