RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What is the respiratory system?
A
A system of tubes that delivers air to the lungs and exchanges gasses
2
Q
Respiratory system and the _____ collaborate to
regulate the body’s acid–base balance
A
urinary system
3
Q
What are some of the 8 functions of the respiratory system?
A
- Gas exchange: O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air
- Communication: speech and other vocalizations
- Olfaction: sense of smell
- Acid-Base balance: influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2
- Blood pressure regulation: by helping in synthesis of angiotensin II
- Blood and lymph flow: breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax
and abdomen that promote flow of lymph and blood - Blood filtration: lungs filter small clots
- Expulsion of abdominal contents: breath-holding assists in urination,
defecation, and childbirth((Valsalva maneuver)
4
Q
What are the 6 principal organs of the respiratory system?
A
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
5
Q
The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes?
A
- Nostrils through the major bronchioles
- Passages that serve only for air flow
- no gas exchange*
6
Q
Respiratory zone of the respiratory system includes?
A
alveoli and other gas exchange regions
7
Q
The upper respiratory system composed of the ____ through the ___
A
Nose through larynx
8
Q
The lower respiratory system is the _____ to the ____
A
trachea through the lungs
9
Q
What are the functions of the nose?
A
- Warms, cleans, humidifies air
- Olfactory function
- resonating chamber for voice
10
Q
What are the Ala nasi
A
flared portion at lower end of
nose shaped by alar cartilages and
dense connective tissue
11
Q
The nose extends from the ___ to the ___
A
Nostrils to the Choanae
12
Q
the chamber just inside nostrils
lined with stratified squamous epithelium
and vibrissae is called the
A
Vestibule
13
Q
The chamber behind the vestibule is occupied by the ___
A
Nasal conchae
14
Q
What are the nasal conchae? their functions?
A
- Three folds of tissue (superior, middle, inferior)behind the vestibule
- Create turbulence to insure all air comes into contact with Mucus membranes
- Cleans, warms, moistens the air
15
Q
What type of epithelium makes up the Olfactory epithelium
A
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
16
Q
What are the Nasal fossae?
A
right and
left halves of nasal cavity
17
Q
The Pharynx extends from the ___ to the ___
A
Choanae to the larynx
18
Q
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
A
-Nasopharynx- contains
pharyngeal tonsil
-oropharynx-Space between soft palate and epiglottis-Contains palatine tonsils
-Laryngopharynx(Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage)( Esophagus begins at that point)
19
Q
What is the larynx?
A
- The voice box
- A cartilaginous chamber
20
Q
What is the function of the larynx?
A
- to keep food and drink out of the airway
- Produce sound speech
21
Q
What is the epiglottis?
A
- Guards the superior opening of the larynx
- Closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it
22
Q
How many cartilages make up the larynx?
What are they?
A
9
- Epiglottic
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Three small paired cartilages
23
Q
the two types of interior folds within the larynx?
Functions?
A
- Superior vestibular folds- Close the larynx during swallowing
- Inferior vocal cords- produce sound
24
Q
What is the glottis?
A
—the vocal cords and the
opening between them
25
What is the function of the Superior extrinsic muscles?
they Elevate the larynx during swallowing
26
What is the function of the Deep intrinsic muscles
operate the vocal cords
27
What is the trachea?
- The wind pipe
| - inferior to the larynx
28
How is the trachea supported?
16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
29
What epithelium lines the trachea? what are its specific functions?
```
-ciliated
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-make up the Mucociliary escalator: mechanism for
debris removal
-Goblet cells produce some mucus
```
30
What is the middle tracheal layer?
-connective tissue
beneath the tracheal epithelium
– Contains lymphatic nodules, mucous and
serous glands, and the tracheal cartilages
31
What is the outermost layer of trachea called? its composition and function?
-Called the Adventitia
– Fibrous connective tissue that blends into
adventitia of other organs of mediastinum
32
The trachea branches into the left and right ___
Main Bronchi
33
What is the Carina?
internal medial ridge
in the lowermost tracheal
cartilage
34
What are the for main anatomical features of the lungs?
-Base: broad concave portion
-Apex: tip that projects just
above the clavicle
-Costal surface: pressed against the ribcage
-Mediastinal surface: faces
medially toward the heart
35
How many lobes does the right lung have? name them what separate them?
3
-Superior, middle, inferior
-separated by horizontal and
oblique fissure
36
How many lobes does the left lung have? name them what separate them?
2
- superior and inferior
- a singe oblique fissure
37
the ____ bronchus is slightly wider and more
| vertical than left
Right
38
You have ___ Primary Bronchi Which branch into ___ bronchi
2
| Secondary (Lobar)
39
How many Lobar (secondary) bronchi does each lung have?
- Right: three one for each lobe
| - Left: two once for each lobe
40
The lobar (secondary) bronchi branch into ___ bronchi
Segmental(tertiary) bronchi
41
How many segmental (tertiary) bronchi does each lung have?
- Right : 10
| - Left: 8
42
All bronchi are lined with ______epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified
| columnar
43
Tertiary Bronchi branch into ___ that divide into ____
- Bronchioles
| - 50-80 terminal branches
44
Bronchioles have ____ epithelium
ciliated cuboidal epithelium
45
terminal Bronchioles are the final branches of the _____ zone of the respiratory system
Conducting zone
46
Each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller _____
| bronchioles
Respiratory
47
Respiratory bronchioles are the beginning of the ___ zone
respiratory
48
Respiratory bronchioles have ___ budding from their walls
Alveoli
49
Respiratory bronchioles end in
alveolar sacs
50
What are alveolar sacs
clusters of alveoli arrayed around a central space called the
atrium
51
How many alveoli does each lung contain?
150 million
52
How much gas exchanging surface area is in each lung
70 square meters
53
What are the three types of alveolar cells? their basic functions?
- Squamous( type I):Gas exchange 95% of surface
- Great (type II):maintenance 5% of surface
- Alveolar macrophages (dust cells): eat dust
54
How do type II alveolar cells function to maintain the lungs?
- They repair Type I cells when they are damaged
| - they secrete pulmonary surfactant
55
How are type I alveolar cells connected to capillaries?
via a shared basement membrane
56
The capillaries the surround the alveoli are supplied by the ____
pulmonary artery
57
What is the Respiratory membrane?
thin
barrier between the alveolar
air and blood
58
What is the respiratory membrane composed of?
```
– Squamous alveolar cells
– Endothelial cells of blood
capillary
– Their shared basement
membrane
```
59
What is the serous membrane that covers the lungs?
the visceral pleura
60
What is the Parietal pleura?
—adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of the rib
| cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm
61
What is the pleural cavity?
potential space between pleurae
62
What are the tree functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid
– Reduce friction
– Create pressure gradient
• Lower pressure than atmospheric pressure; assists lung inflation
– Compartmentalization
• Prevents spread of infection from one organ in mediastinum to others
63
What is Breathing (pulmonary ventilation)
a repetitive
| cycle of inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling)
64
What is the respiratory cycle?
one complete inspiration and expiration
65
Flow of air in and out of lung depends on a_____ between air within lungs and outside body
Pressure gradient
66
What are the three Respiratory muscles?
- The diaphragm
- Internal and external intercostal muscles
- Scalenes
67
what occurs When the diaphragm contracts
The diaphragm flattens enlarging the thoracic cavity moving air into the lungs
68
What occurs when the diaphragm relaxes?
the diaphragm bulges upwards compressing the lungs and expelling air
69
What is normal quiet respiration
while at rest, effortless, and automatic
70
What is forced respiration
deep, rapid breathing, such as during exercise
71
What is normal quiet expiration?
Energy saving passive emptying of the lungs due to elasticity of the lungs
72
What are valsalva maneuvers?
onsists of taking a deep breath,
holding it by closing the glottis, and then contracting
the abdominal muscles to raise abdominal pressure
and push organ contents out
– Childbirth, urination, defecation, vomiting
73
Automatic breathing is controlled by ___ pairs of respiratory centers in the ___ of the ___ and ___
- Three
- Reticular formation
- Medulla oblongata
- Pons
74
the three pairs of respiratory centers are called respiratory ___
groups
75
What are the three respiratory groups?
-Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
-Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
-Pontine respiratory group
(PRG)
76
What are the functions of the Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
-This is the primary generator of respiratory rhythm
-inspiratory neurons
fire for about 2 seconds
-Expiratory neurons in eupnea fire for about 3
seconds
-Produces a respiratory rhythm of 12 breaths per
minute
77
What are the functions of the Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)?
* Modifies the rate and depth of breathing
| * Receives influences from external sources
78
What are the functions of the Pontine respiratory group?
```
Modifies rhythm of the VRG by
outputs to both the VRG and
DRG
– Adapts breathing to special
circumstances such as sleep,
exercise, vocalization, and
emotional responses
```
79
What is Hyperventilation
anxiety-triggered state in which
breathing is so rapid that it expels CO2 from the body
faster than it is produced
80
Central chemo receptors detect pH change in the ___
cerebrospinal fluid
81
What is the function of stretch receptors in the smooth muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles?
– Respond to inflation of the lungs
– Inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex: triggered by excessive
inflation
• Protective reflex that inhibits inspiratory neurons and stops
inspiration
82
What are irritant receptors?
Receptors in the epithelial cells of the airway that detect irritants and trigger appropriate reactions
83
Where do voluntary control of breathing originate? how are signals sent
-motor cortex of frontal lobe
-Sends impulses down corticospinal tracts to respiratory
neurons in spinal cord, bypassing brainstem
84
Flow of air and fluid is directly proportional to the _____ difference between the two points
Pressure
85
Flow of air and fluid is inversely proportional to the ___
resistance
86
1 atm of pressure (sea level) equals how many mm Hg?
760
87
Boyle's law states that___
—at a constant temperature, the pressure
of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to
its volume
88
How is Boyle's law applied to lunges?
- If lung volume increases than pressure will decrease causing an influx of air
- if lung volume decreases pressure increases. once pressure is above atm pressure than the air will flow out
89
What is the medical unit for pressure
cm H2O
90
What is the measurment of cm H2O? why is it used?
-This measures how far a column of water would be moved
by a given pressure
-This is more sensitive than mm Hg, since Hg (mercury) is a
heavy liquid
91
What is the conversion of mm Hg to cm H2O
1 mm Hg = 1.4 cm H2O
92
What is Intrapleural pressure?
the slightly negative pressure
| that exists between the two pleural layers
93
What is charles law?
volume of a gas is directly
| proportional to its absolute temperature
94
How is charles law applied to lungs
Air in warmed when inhaled so the volume of air will increase by the time it reaches the alvoli
95
what is a Pneumothorax?
—presence of air in pleural cavity
| -Causes lungs to collapse due to lose of interpleural pressure
96
Increasing resistance ____ airflow
Decreases
97
What two factors influence airway resistance?
bronchiole diameter and pulmonary compliance
98
What is Pulmonary compliance
the ease with which the lungs can expand
99
What is Physiologic (total) dead space
sum of anatomic dead space and any
| pathological alveolar dead space
100
How do you calculate Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
Air that ventilates alveoli*amount inhaled minus amount in deadspace* (350 mL) × respiratory rate (12 bpm) = 4,200
mL/min.
101
What is a Spirometer?
a device that recaptures expired breath and
records such variables as rate and depth of breathing,
speed of expiration, rate of oxygen consumption, and
respiratory volumes and capacities
102
What is the tidal volume?
volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of
| breathing (500 mL)
103
What is Inspiratory reserve volume?
air in excess of tidal volume that can
| be inhaled with maximum effort (3,000 mL)
104
What is Expiratory reserve volume?
air in excess of tidal volume that can
| be exhaled with maximum effort (1,200 mL)
105
What is Residual volume?
air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (1,300 mL)
106
What is Vital capacity?
total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort
– VC = ERV + TV + IRV (4,700 mL)
– Important measure of pulmonary health
107
What is the Functional residual capacity?
amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration
– FRC = RV + ERV (2,500 mL)
108
What is total lung capacity?
Total lung capacity: maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
– TLC = RV + VC (6,000 mL)
109
What are restrictive respiratory disorders?
those that reduce pulmonary
compliance
– Any disease that produces pulmonary fibrosis such as black lung
disease, tuberculosis
– Limit the amount to which the lungs can be inflated
– TLC, FRC, and others go down
110
What are obstructive respiratory disorders?
those that interfere with airflow by
narrowing or blocking the airway
– Asthma, chronic bronchitis (emphysema combines elements of
restrictive and obstructive disorders)
– Make it harder to inhale or exhale a given amount of air
– TLC, FRC, and others go up lungs hyperinflate to resistance
111
What is Eupnea?
Normal breathing
Tidal volume 500
12-15bpm
112
What is Apnea?
temporary cessation of breathing
113
What is Dyspnea?
labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath
114
What is Hyperpnea?
—increased rate and depth of breathing in response to
| exercise, pain, or other conditions
115
What is Hyperventilation?
—increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic
| demand
116
What is Hypoventilation?
reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in
| blood CO2
117
What is Kussmaul respiration?
deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis
118
What is Orthopnea?
—dyspnea that occurs when person is lying down
119
What is Respiratory arrest?
permanent cessation of breathing
120
What is Tachypnea?
—accelerated respiration
121
What is dalton's law?
—total atmospheric pressure is the sum
| of the contributions of the individual gases
122
What is partial pressure?
the separate contribution of each gas in a
| mixture
123
according to daltons law, At 760mm Hg what portion of that pressure comes from nitrogen *nitrogen composes 78.6% of the atmospere*
PN2 = 78.6% × 760 mm Hg = 597 mm Hg
124
What three factors make alveolar air different from inspired air?
- It is humidified, PH2O is 10X than inhaled air
- It is mixed with residual air from previous cycles
- Alveolar air exchanges O2 and CO2 with blood
125
What is Alveolar gas exchange?
—the swapping of O2 and CO2
| across the respiratory membrane
126
Give a brief overview of what occurs during alveolar gas exchange
- Air is inhaled
- Air in alveolus comes into contact with film of water covering the alveoli
- O2 dissolves into the water and can enter the bloodstream through the respiratory membrane
127
What is Henry's law?
at the air–water interface, for a given temperature, the amount of gas that
dissolves in the water is determined by its
solubility in water and its partial pressure in
air
128
What causes gasses to diffuse?
the difference in the pressure gradients.
The P-pressure of a dissolved gas seeks an equilibrium with that of the same gas in the alveolar air
129
The pressure gradient of CO2 in the blood vs alveolar air is much less than that of O2. How then are the two gasses exchanged at nearly equal rates?
CO2 is 10 times as soluble than O2 and diffuses more rapidly
130
What is perfusion coupling?
The ability to match air flow and blood flow to each other
131
O2 in the blood is found in ___ and ___ . What percentages are they found?
- Hemoglobin 98.5%
| - dissolved in plasma 1.5%
132
Where is CO2 in transport?
- 90% is in the form of carbonic acid
- 5% is bound to proteins
- 5% is dissolved in plasma
133
What four factors adjust the rate of O2 unloading to match need?
- Ambient PO2
- Temp.
- Bohr effect
- concentration of (BPG)biphosphoglycerate
134
How does ambient PO2 adjust the rate of O2 unloading?
Active tissue has less PO2 so more O2 is released
135
How does the Bohr effect adjust the rate of O2 unloading?
-Bohr effect is the ambient pH's effect on O2 loading
| Active tissue has more CO2 which lowers pH causing more O2 unloading
136
How does temperature adjust the rate of O2 unloading?
Active tissue has higher temperatures promoting O2 unloading
137
How does BPG concentration adjust the rate of O2 unloading?
-RBCs produce BPG which binds to Hb; O2 is
unloaded
-increase in body temp (fever), thyroxine, growth
hormone, testosterone, and epinephrine all
raise BPG and promote O2 unloading
138
What is the Haldane effect?
—low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2
139
What are normal arterial blood levels of pH, PCO2, and PO2?
- pH: 7.35 to 7.45
- PCO2: 40mm Hg
- PO2: 95mm Hg
140
Order the the stimulus that effect breathing from most potent to least
- pH
- CO2
- O2
141
Pulmonary ventilation is adjusted to maintain ___ of
| the brain
pH
142
Central chemoreceptors in medulla produce about____ of
| the change in respiration induced by pH shift
75%
143
• Hydrogen ions also stimulate peripheral
chemoreceptors which produce ___ of the
respiratory response to pH changes
25%
144
Acidosis is defined as ?
a blood pH lower than 7.35
145
Alkalosis is defined as?
a blood pH higher than 7.45
146
What is Hypocapnia?
PCO2 less than 37 mm Hg (normal 37
to 43 mm Hg)
• Most common cause of alkalosis
147
What is Hypercapnia?
—PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg
| • Most common cause of acidosis
148
What is a corrective homeostatic response to acidosis?
Hyperventilation
149
_____can be a corrective homeostatic
| response to alkalosis
Hypoventilation
