CIS 1, 2, 3 / Practice Questions Flashcards by Landon Riggs

Say there’s a virus that is down regulating the amount of MHCI, what is going to act and what is not going to act?

CD8 aren’t going to be able to destroy, but NK cells are going to ramp up from decrease of inhibition signals

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What is present on NK cells? what kind of hypersensitivity is this considered?

CD16

2 for some reason

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B cells have what on their surface?

CD19

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What cells can capture antibody coated HIV visions through their FC receptors?

Follicular Dendritic Cells

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Cyclosporine?

methotrexate is used for?

minimize lymphocyte-mediated transplant rejection

graft vs host disease

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Transfusion reactions are what kind of hypersensitivity?

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Complement is found in what hypersensitivity reaction?

2 + 3

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When there’s antibody being directed at a parasitic infection, what should you be thinking?

ADCC (antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity)

IgG and IgE antibodies bearing Fc receptors coat the parasite and have them lysed.

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Serum sickness is what?

injected foreign protein, produces widespread antigen-antibody complex deposition, PARTICULARLY IN THE KIDNEYS

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What is an Arthur reaction and what are you going to see?

localized immune complex reaction at the site of the injection and the depletion of complement C3

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smooth and linear is what?

type 2 hypersensitivity reaction.

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what antibody is going to scream good pasture?

anti-basement membrane antibody

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IL-17 does what?

recruits neutrophils

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IL-2 does what?

T cell proliferation

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IL-5 does what?

activates eosinophils

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IL-10 does what?

immunosuppressive

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injury of a injection and 48 hours you have erythema. something stains positive for CD4. what is it?

what test is in this grouping too?

type 4 hypersensitivity (delayed type hypersensitivity)

PPD skin test

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fundamental mechanism behind SLE?

defective clearance and hence increased burden of nuclear apoptotic bodies in thymus lymphocyte development

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why would someone have recurrent thrombosis in SLE?

antiphospholipid antibodies like anticardiolipin –> against phospholipid protein complexes, lead to inc rebased thrombosis

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what’s likely to develop in people with SLE? 2 things

chronic renal failure

hemolytic anemia through the development of anti-RBC antibodies

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what are you going to see that screams CREST syndrome?

anti-centromere

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what are you going to see that screams Scleroderma?

SCL-70 (or Anti-DNA topoisomerase)

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What are you going to see that screams mixed connective tissue disease?

Anti-U1-RNP

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Sjogrens hs an increased risk of what?

Lymphoma

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What's causing the problems of scleroderma? what does this lead to in individuals?

CD4 severe hypertension

say something says severe, recurrent bacterial, fungal and viral infections.. what should you be thinking? what causes this? what happens but is less likely?

SCID X linked mutation in COMMON GAMMA CHAIN in autosomal recessive cases --> problems with adenosine deaminase

C1 inhibitor problems, what do they present with?

swelling of the face, but ALSO throat, trouble swallowing, abdominal pain, cramping. seems like a type 1 hypersensitivity, but it's just complement causing massive edema (hereditary angioedema)

Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome is characterized by what? what do they have an increased risk for?

thrombocytopenia, eczema, and decreased IgM (increased recurrent infections) whenever there's an immunodeficiency disorder, immune dysregulation or this, think NON Hodgkin Lymphoma

What cancers are common in aids patients?

B cell lymphoma, burkitts lymphoma

Apple green and Congo red are seeing in what type of what? what does not show up on Congo red but still is bubblegum looking?

light chain amyloid (AL) --> plasma cells secreting it so MYELOMA AA which is seen in chronic inflammatory diseases like RA or lupus

Polymyositis?

chronic inflammation of the muscles and associated tissues you see focal necrosis of the muscle fibers

Poison ivy is what hypersensitivity?

type 4! contact dermatitis

Hydrops fetalis is what hypersensitivity?

Mixed connective tissue disease is a mix of what?

SLE, Polymyositis, scleroderma

CVID has what 2 things associated with ti?

hypogammaglobulinemia for bacterial infections and GIARDIA

difference between discoid and classic SLE?

discoid does not have a positive DS-DNA

if there's "nuclear pattern" in the name, what should you be thinking?

crest / scleroderma

Tetany in the question, what should you jump too?

hypocalcemia --> digeorge

what leads to lung fibrosis that is found in the environment?

inorganic dusts --> inhaled and ingested by macrophages, they release cytokines leading to fibrosis

drowning is associated with what hemorrhage style? strangulation? falling?

mastoid sinuses petechial hemorrhages contusions

retinal hemorrhages?

shaken baby

subdural vs epidural hemorrhage?

epidural hemorrhage is lucid period but then 3 days later you keel over subdural gives you confusion and lasts weeks

Organophosphate poisoning mnemonic?

SLUDGE salivation, lacrimation, urinary incontinence, defacation, GI changes, emesis and miosis

methanol does what to the body?

screws up the CNS and retina

early loss of fetus correlates with what usually? what about late?

chromosomal abnormality congenital infection

Hydrops and icterus are in the name and it's immune related. what should you be thinking?

erythroblastosis fetalis and Rh problems

Hyaline membrane disease is associated with what?

NRDS

what's usually to blame for PPROM?

acute chorioamnionitis or strong bacterial infections

turner syndrome is what genotype?

45X0

leukomalacia is associated with what infection?

Toxoplasmosis

baby is born with a flattened nose, prominent infraorbital creases, contracture of arms, vagus deformities of the feet.. pulmonary hypoplasia. what's the finding?

petter sequence --> oligohydramnious caused by renal agenesis of both kidneys leading to pulmonary hypoplasia

missing both irises is associated with what?

WAGR --> Wilms tumor

bloody stool in newborn, what should you see on radiograph and what is it?

dilated bowel necrotizing enterocolitis

Niacin what's the other name what do people present with clinical name

B3 dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea pellagra

Child with a vitamin C deficiency leads to what?

OSTEOID MATRIX PRODUCTION for type 1 collagen problem! so they'll also have problems!!! don't be fooled with this and rickets

neural tube defects, what's the problem

neural tube defects

Iron deficiency, what will you see

anemia

liver problems, abnormal bleeding, what is missing?

vitamin K

what leads to renal tubular damage and chronic pulmonary disease?

cadmium

lead poisoning causes an increase in what?

zinc protoporphyrin

alcohol + acetaminophen, what is the COD

brainstem depression first

Low estrogen-containing oral contraceptives for a long period cause what?

increase risk of MI

hypertension in renal blood vessels on autopsy, and a sudden death

cocaine

what factor necessitates skin grafting?

dermal appendages such as sweat glands and hair follicles

heat exhaustion vs heat stroke?

exhaustion is failure of CV system to compensate for hypovolemia stroke is organ damage and a greater core temp of 36+

inhaling gases and hot fumes from a fire gives you what?

pulmonary edema

hypothermia causes what?

peripheral vasoconstriction along with edema caused by increased vascular permeability

Atrophic gastritis affects what absorption?

B12

osteomalacia, what's the problem? what can cause this to happen?

vitamin D malabsorption biliary tract disease, pancreatic disease, chronic cholestatic liver disease

Leptin does what?

decreases synthesis of NPY which is an appetite stimulant it's a satiety hormone

Ghrelin does what?

the "hungry" gene

obesity gene

MC4R

Positive for vimentin? positive for cytokeratin?

soft tissue malignancies (sarcomas) carcinomas are cytokeratin

ionizing radiation activates which checkpoint?

G2/M --> monitors completion of DNA Replication

Japanese cancer?

Gastric

type 1 tumor is called what?

low grade and low stage (well differentiated and localized)

Retroperitoneum is a typical location for what in an adult?

sarcoma

BCR-ABL is known to cause what and what's the translocation?

translocation is t(9:22) CML

what's the best thing to use for identifying GENE alterations involved in carcinogenesis? what about proteins?

single nucleotide polymorphisms immunohistochemistry --> evaluates the protein products of gene expression

alpha-fetoprotein

testicular and liver cancer

adenocarcinoma leads to what?

blood loss from mucosal erosion and necrosis --> so you would see microcytic hypo chromic anemia

what stage is it considered if you have something at a primary spot in the body but it's everywhere?

advanced

purpose of therapeutic radiotherapy is what?

direct image to the cells through the generation of oxidant free radicals

uterus --> benign and circumscribed. malignant and endometrium?

Leiomyoma Adenocarcinoma

how can we tell the difference between an enlarged lymph node from an infection to an enlarged lymph node from cancer?

gene rearrangement studies demonstrating clonality

what's the most common soft tissue neoplasm?

lipoma

human papilloma virus gives us what cancer?

squamous cell carcinoma

Small cell anaplastic lung carcinoma can have what immunohistochemical staining?

ACTH --> Cushing syndrome like from paraneoplastic syndrome

NOTCH is associated with what?

VEGF

hyperchromatism typical for malignant cells indicates what? what phase?

DNA synthesis S phase

Ewing sarcoma are childhood neoplasms arising in what?

bone

most common benign neoplasm of the breast

fibroadenoma

Something's been on someone's chest for many years... what is it why isn't it a nevus

benign --> hemangioma is a. common benign lesion of the skin. nevi are light brown

any mention of lymphadenopathy, what do you think?

malignancy.

multiple varying sized tan metastatic lesions in the liver from hematogenous spread of carcinoma.. what is it?

metastatic adenocarcinoma

t(9;22) translocation? what treatment?

chronic myelogenous leukemia inhibiting tyrosine kinase since BCR-ABL works on that

development of colonic adenocarcinoma.. how doe s it work?

takes years, multiple mutations in a step wise fashion!

p16 is an inhibitor of what? what other mediator is also associated with this?

cyclin dependent kinases --> seen in melanoma CDKN2A

what does TGF-B do in cancer?

inhibits cell proliferation by activation of growth-inhibiting genes

familial adenomatous polyposis --> when is the earliest event leading to misfunctino?

loss of APC gene function --> prevents destruction of B-catenin which translocates to the nucleus.. activating the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY

if there's a family history of different types of tumors, what should you be thinking?

TP53 stuff.. this is the two hit hypothesis.

NF1 is associated with what? what is this activating?

neurofibromatosis type 1 --> which encodes for GTPase activating protein that helps change RAS to inactive RAS