CISCO Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Systems administrators do far more than manage servers; they are often called upon to assist users with _________ , _________ , and _________.
A
- configuration issues
- recommend new software
- update documentation among other tasks
2
Q
Most Linux distributions allow users to download a “_________” installation package that can be loaded onto a USB key.
A
desktop
3
Q
This is one of the first things aspiring system administrators should do
A
download a major distribution and load it onto an old PC
4
Q
The Linux desktop should be familiar to anyone who has used a PC or Macintosh with icons to select different programs and a “settings” application to configure things like _________, _________, and _________
A
- user accounts
- WiFi networks
- input devices
5
Q
After familiarizing oneself with the _________, or desktop, the next step is learning how to perform tasks from the command line.
A
Linux Graphical User Interface (GUI)
6
Q
It is a simple text input system for entering anything from single-word commands to complicated scripts.Most operating systems have a _________ that provides a direct way of accessing and controlling the computer.
A
command line interface (CLI)
7
Q
On systems that boot to a GUI, there are two common ways of accessing the command line:
A
- GUI-based terminal
- virtual terminal
8
Q
is a program within the GUI environment that emulates a terminal window. It can be accessed through the menu system or search bar.
A
GUI terminal
9
Q
Accessing the GUI terminal through the menu system.
A
click:
- Applications (menu bar)
- System tools
- Terminal
10
Q
A _________ can be run at the same time as a GUI but requires the user to log in via the terminal before they can execute commands (as they would before accessing the GUI interface).
A
virtual terminal
11
Q
Each Linux desktop distribution is slightly different, but the application terminal or _________ will open a terminal window from the GUI.
A
x-term
12
Q
While there are subtle differences between the terms _________ and terminal window sessions, they are all the same from an administrators standpoint and require the same knowledge of commands to use
A
console
13
Q
Ordinary _________ are starting programs, parsing scripts, and editing text files used for system or application configuration.
A
command line tasks
14
Q
The _________ of the operating system is like an air traffic controller at an airport, and the applications are the airplanes under its control.
A
kernel
15
Q
The _________ decides which program gets which blocks of memory, it starts and kills applications, and it handles displaying text or graphics on a monitor.
A
kernel
16
Q
_________ make requests to the kernel and in return receive resources, such as memory, CPU, and disk space.
A
Applications
17
Q
Applications make requests to the kernel and in return receive resources, such as _________, _________, and _________
A
- memory
- CPU
- disk space
18
Q
If two applications request the same resource, the kernel decides which one gets it, and in some cases, _________ to save the rest of the system and prevent a crash.
A
kills off another application
19
Q
The _________ also abstracts some complicated details away from the application. For example, the application doesn’t know if a block of disk storage is on a solid-state drive, a spinning metal hard disk, or even a network file share.
A
kernel
20
Q
Applications need only follow the kernel’s _________ and therefore don’t have to worry about the implementation details.
A
Application Programming Interface (API)
21
Q
Each_________ behaves as if it has a large block of memory on the system; the _________ maintains this illusion by remapping smaller blocks of memory, sharing blocks of memory with other applications, or even swapping out untouched blocks to disk
A
- application
* kernel
22
Q
The kernel also handles the switching of applications, a process known as _________.
A
multitasking
23
Q
A _________ has a small number of central processing units (CPUs) and a finite amount of memory.
A
computer system
24
Q
The _________ takes care of unloading one task and loading a new one if there is more demand than resources available.
A
kernel
25
When one task has run for a specified amount of time, the _________ pauses it so that another may run.
CPU
26
a network service that talks to a remote computer
user-facing application
27
The kernel doesn’t differentiate between a _________ , a network service that talks to a remote computer, or an _________ .
- user-facing application
| - internal task
28
A _________ is just one task that is loaded and tracked by the kernel.
process
note:
An application may even need multiple processes to function, so the kernel takes care of running the processes, starting and stopping them as requested, and handing out system resources.
29
The _________ can run a wide variety of software across many hardware platforms.
Linux kernel
30
A computer can act as a _________, which means it primarily handles data on others’ behalf
server
31
A computer can act as a _________, which means a user interacts with it directly.
desktop
32
The machine can run software or be used as a development machine in the process of creating _________.
software
33
A _________ can even adopt multiple roles as Linux makes no distinction; it’s merely a matter of configuring which applications run
machine
34
One resulting advantage is that _________can simulate almost all aspects of a production environment, from development to testing, to verification on scaled-down hardware, which saves costs and time.
Linux
35
A _________ could run the same server applications on a desktop or inexpensive virtual server that are run by large internet service providers
Linux administrator
36
Of course, a _________ would not be able to handle the same volume as a major provider would, but almost any configuration can be simulated without needing powerful hardware or server licensing.
desktop
37
Linux software generally falls into one of three categories:
- Server Applications
- Desktop Applications
- Tools
38
may not talk to other computers but only sit there and crunch data.
Server Applications
39
Software that has no direct interaction with the monitor and keyboard of the machine it runs on.
Server Applications
40
The Server Applications' purpose is to serve information to other computers, called _________.
clients
41
are web browsers, text editors, music players, or other applications with which users interact directly.
Desktop Applications
42
A loose category of software that exists to make it easier to manage computer systems.
tools
43
it can help configure displays, provide a Linux shell that users type commands into, or even more sophisticated tools, called compilers, that convert source code to application programs that the computer can execute.
tools
44
that convert source code to application programs that the computer can execute.
compilers
45
is where the users type commands into
Linux shell
46
The _________ of applications varies depending on the distribution. Often application vendors choose a subset of distributions to support.
availability
47
Some applications, however, like _________ and _________ are widely supported and available for all major distributions.
- Firefox
| - LibreOffice
48
_________ is an important skill to be learned by the aspiring Linux administrator. Determining requirements for performance, stability, and cost are just some of the considerations needed for a comprehensive analysis.
Evaluating application software
49
excels at running server applications because of its reliability and efficiency. The ability to optimize server operating systems with just needed components allows administrators to do more with less, a feature loved by startups and large enterprises alike.
Linux
50
A _________ hosts content for web pages, which are viewed by a web browser using the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or its encrypted flavor, HTTPS.
web server
51
What is HTTP/HTTPS
HyperText Transfer Protocol / HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure
52
The web page itself can either be _________ or _________ .
- static
| - dynamic
53
Users can develop content through their browser in the ________ application, and the software turns it into a fully functional dynamic website.
WordPress
54
is the dominant web server in use today.
Apache
55
Apache was originally a standalone project, but the group has since formed the ________ and maintains over a hundred open source software projects
Apache Software Foundation
56
is the daemon, or server application program, that “serves” web page requests.
Apache HTTPD
57
Another web server is ________, which is based out of Russia.
NGINX
58
It focuses on performance by making use of more modern UNIX kernels and only does a subset of what Apache can do.
NGINX
59
Over ________ of websites are powered by either NGINX or Apache.
65%
60
The ________ project was launched in 2010 by Frank Karlitschek to provide software to store, sync and share data from private cloud servers.
ownCloud
61
Who launched ownCloud project?
Frank Karlitschek
62
The ________ project was forked from ownCloud in 2016 by Karlitschek and has been growing steadily since then.
Nextcloud
63
2 private cloud servers:
- ownCloud
| - Nextcloud
64
________ applications form the backbone of most online services.
Database server
65
________ applications pull data from and write data to these applications.
Dynamic web
66
a web program for tracking online students might consist of a front-end server that presents a web form. When data is entered into the form, it is written to a database application such as ________.
MariaDB
67
A ________ stores information and also allows for easy retrieval and querying
database
68
Example of popular databases:
- Firebird
| - PostgreSQL
69
You might enter raw sales figures into the database and then use a language called ________ to aggregate sales by product and date to produce a report.
Structured Query Language (SQL)
70
When discussing email servers, it is always helpful to look at the 3 different tasks required to get email between people:
- Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)
- Mail Delivery Agent (MDA)
- POP/IMAP Server
71
software that is used to transfer electronic messages to other systems
Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)
72
The most well known Mail Transfer Agent MTA
Sendmail
73
is another popular one and aims to be simpler and more secure than Sendmail.
Postfix
74
Types of Mail Transfer Agent
- Sendmail
| - Postfix
75
it takes care of storing the email in the user’s mailbox. Usually invoked from the final MTA in the chain.
Mail Delivery Agent (MDA)
76
Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) is also called?
Local Delivery Agent
77
are two communication protocols that let an email client running on your computer talk to a remote server to pick up the email.
POP/IMAP Server
78
POP means?
Post Office Protocol
79
IMAP means?
Internet Message Access Protocol
80
is a popular POP/IMAP server owing to its ease of use and low maintenance.
Dovecot
81
example of POP/IMAP servers:
- Dovecot
| - Cyrus IMAP
82
People using standard file formats (such as all the emails in one text file) can choose any ________.
MDA
83
is shipped primarily as a software package/suite that includes all the necessary or approved components, all from Microsoft, so there are few if any options to make individual selections.
Microsoft Exchange
84
________ allows a Linux machine to look and behave like a Windows machine so that it can share files and participate in a Windows domain.
Samba
85
________ implements the server components, such as making files available for sharing and certain Windows server roles, and also the client end so that a Linux machine may consume a Windows file share.
Samba
86
The ________ project lets a Linux machine perform as an Apple Macintosh file server.
Netatalk
87
The native file sharing protocol for UNIX/Linux is called the ________
Network File System (NFS)
88
is usually part of the kernel which means that a remote file system can be mounted (made accessible) just like a regular disk, making file access transparent to other applications.
Network File System (NFS)
89
As a computer network becomes more substantial, the need for a directory increases. One of the oldest network directory systems is the ________
Domain Name System (DNS).
90
The ________ maintains the most popular DNS server, simply called bind after the name of the process that runs the service.
The Internet Software Consortium
91
The Internet Software Consortium maintains the most popular DNS server, simply called ________ after the name of the process that runs the service.
bind
92
The ________ is focused mainly on computer names and IP addresses and is not easily searchable. Other directories have sprung up to store information such as user accounts and security roles.
Domain Name System (DNS).
93
The ________ is one common directory system which also powers Microsoft’s Active Directory.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
94
In ________ , an object is stored in a tree, and the position of that object on the tree can be used to derive information about the object and what it stores.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
95
is the dominant program used in Linux infrastructure.
OpenLDAP
96
DHCP means?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
97
LDAP means?
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
98
DNS means?
Domain Name System
99
NFS means?
Network File System
100
MTA means?
Mail Transfer Agent
101
MDA means?
Mail Delivery Agent
102
it's job is to listen for requests and to assign a free address from the DHCP pool.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
103
is the most common open source DHCP server.
ISC DHCP server
104
The ________ has a wide variety of desktop applications. There are games, productivity applications, creative tools, web browsers, and more.
Linux ecosystem
105
The ________ came out with Thunderbird, a full-featured desktop email client.
Mozilla Foundation
106
it connects to a POP or IMAP server, displays email locally, and sends email through an external SMTP server.
Thunderbird
107
Other notable email clients are ________ and ________ which are the GNOME and KDE projects' email clients.
- Evolution
| - KMail
108
For the creative types, there is ________ , ________ , and ________ which handle 3D movie creation, 2D image manipulation, and audio editing respectively.
- Blender
- GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)
- Audacity
109
is used for everything from independent films to Hollywood movies, for example.
Blender
110
supports high-quality photo manipulation, original artwork creation, graphic design elements, and is extensible through scripting in multiple languages.
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)
111
is a free and open source audio editing tool that is available on multiple operating systems.
Audacity
112
Use of common ________ in presentations and projects is one way to strengthen Linux skills.
open source applications
113
The basic productivity applications, such as a word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation package are valuable assets. Collectively they’re known as an ________, primarily due to Microsoft Office, the dominant player in the market.
office suite
114
Linux is a first class citizen for the ________ and ________ browsers. Both are open source web browsers that are fast, feature-rich, and have excellent support for web developers.
- Mozilla Firefox
| - Google Chrome
115
Historically, the development of ________ shows considerable overlap between the skills of software development and systems administration.
UNIX
116
At the basic level, users interact with a Linux system through a ________ whether connecting to the system remotely or from an attached keyboard.
shell
117
it's job is to accept commands, like file manipulations and starting applications, and to pass those to the Linux kernel for execution.
shell
118
The ____________ provides a rich language for iterating over files and customizing the environment, all without leaving the shell. For example, it is possible to write a single command line that finds files with contents matching a specific pattern, extracts useful information from the file, then copies the new information to a new file.
Linux shell
119
Linux offers a variety of shells to choose from, mostly differing in how and what can be customized, and the syntax of the built-in scripting language. The two main families are the ____________ and the ____________.
- Bourne shell
| - C shell
120
The ____________ was named after its creator Stephen Bourne of Bell Labs.
Bourne shell
121
The____________ was so named because its syntax borrows heavily from the C language
C shell
122
As both these shells were invented in the 1970s, there are more modern versions, the ____________ and the ____________.
- Bourne Again Shell (Bash)
| - tcsh (pronounced as tee-cee-shell)
123
is the default shell on most systems, though tcsh is also typically available.
Bourne Again Shell (Bash)
124
Programmers have taken favorite features from Bash and tcsh and made other shells, such as the _________ and the _________.
- Korn shell (ksh)
| - Z shell (zsh)
125
Most Linux systems provide a choice of text editors which are commonly used at the console to edit configuration files. The two main applications are __________ and ________. Both are remarkably powerful tools to edit text files; they differ in the format of the commands and how plugins are written for them.
- Vi (or the more modern Vim)
| - Emacs.
126
Most Linux systems provide a choice of __________ which are commonly used at the console to edit configuration files.
text editors
127
can be anything from syntax highlighting of software projects to integrated calendars.
Plugins
128
Both __________ and __________ are complex and have a steep learning curve, which is not helpful for simple editing of a small text file.
- Vi (or the more modern Vim)
| - Emacs.
129
__________ and __________ are available on most systems and provide very basic text editing.
- Pico
| - Nano
130
The __________ editor was developed as a completely open source editor that is loosely based on Pico
Nano
131
__________ is not an open source license and forbids making changes and distributing it.
Pico
132
While __________ is simple and easy to use, it doesn’t offer the extensive suite of more advanced editing and key binding features that an editor like Vi does.
Nano
133
Administrators should strive to gain some basic familiarity with __________, though, because it is available on almost every Linux system in existence
Vi
134
modern distributions use __________, which are compressed files that bundle up an application and its dependencies (or required files), greatly simplifying the installation by making the right directories, copying the proper files into them, and creating such needed items as symbolic links.
packages
135
A __________ takes care of keeping track of which files belong to which package and even downloading updates from repositories, typically a remote server sharing out the appropriate updates for a distribution.
package manager
136
In Linux, there are many different software package management systems, but the two most popular are those from __________ and __________.
- Debian
| - Red Hat
137
The Debian distribution, and its derivatives such as Ubuntu and Mint, use the _____________.
Debian package management system
138
Derivatives of Debian distribution:
- Ubuntu
| - Mint
139
At the heart of Debian package management are software packages that are distributed as files ending in the ________ extension
.deb
140
The lowest-level tool for managing these software packages that are distributed as files is the _________ command.
dpkg
141
The dpkg command can be tricky for novice Linux users, so the _________, apt-get (a front-end program to the dpkg tool), makes management of packages easier.
Advanced Package Tool
142
a front-end program to the dpkg tool
apt-get
143
Additional command line tools which serve as front-ends to dpkg include:
- aptitude
| - GUI front-ends (like Synaptic and Software Center)
144
The _________ , which is a LINUX FOUNDATION project, is designed to specify (through a consensus) a set of standards that increase the compatibility between conforming Linux systems.
Linux Standards Base
145
According to the Linux Standards Base, the standard package management system is ________.
RPM
146
RPM makes use of an _________ file for each software package.
.rpm
147
This system (RPM) is what distributions derived from Red Hat, including _________ and _________, use to manage software.
- Centos
- Fedora
add-info:
Several other distributions that are not Red Hat derived, such as SUSE, OpenSUSE, and Arch, also use RPM.
148
ensures that when a package is installed, the system also installs any packages needed by that package to function correctly.
Tracking dependencies
149
also ensure that software updates and removals are performed properly.
Dependencies
150
The back-end tool most commonly used for RPM Package Management is the _________ command.
rpm
151
While the rpm command can install, update, query and remove packages, the command line front-end tools such as and automate the process of resolving dependency issues.
- yum
| - up2date
152
A back-end program or application either interacts directly with a front-end program or is "called" by an _________ program.
intermediate
153
_________ programs would not interact directly with the user
Back-end
add-info:
there are programs that interact with people (front-end) and programs that interact with other programs (back-end).
154
There are also GUI-based front-end tools such as _________ and _________ that also make RPM package management easier.
- Yumex
| - Gnome PackageKit
155
The _________ command is the basis of the ZYpp method, and it features short and long English commands to perform functions, such as zypper in packagename which installs a package including any needed dependencies.
zypper
156
Some RPM-based distributions have implemented the _________ package management style, mostly openSUSE and SUSE Linux Enterprise, but mobile distributions MeeGo, Tizen and Sailfish as well.
ZYpp (or libzypp)
157
provide a way for a programmer to enter instructions in a more human readable format, and for those instructions to eventually become translated into something the computer understands.
Computer programming languages
158
Programming languages fall into one of two camps:
- interpreted
| - compiled
159
translates the written code into computer code as the program runs
interpreted language
160
- is code translated all at once.
compiled language
161
Linux itself was written in a compiled language called:
C
162
The main benefit of ________ is that the language itself maps closely to the generated machine code so that a skilled programmer can write code that is small and efficient.
C
163
Even with large memory sizes today, __________ is still helpful for writing code that must run fast, such as an operating system.
C
164
C has been extended over the years. There is __________ which adds object support to C (a different style of programming), and __________ that took another direction and is in heavy use in Apple products.
- C++,
| - Objective C
165
In Java, instead of compiling to machine code, Java first imagines a hypothetical CPU called the __________ and then compiles all the code to that.
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
add-info:
Each host computer then runs JVM software to translate the JVM instructions (called bytecode) into native instructions.
166
the __________ is relatively simple so it can be implemented quickly and reliably on anything from a powerful computer to a low power device that connects to a television.
JVM
167
are translated to machine code as they execute. The extra computer power spent doing this can often be recouped by the increased productivity the programmer gains by not having to stop working to compile.
Interpreted languages
168
also tend to offer more features than compiled languages, meaning that often less code is needed.
Interpreted languages
169
is usually written in another language such as C, and sometimes even Java! This means that an interpreted language is being run on the JVM, which is translated at runtime into actual machine code.
language interpreter
170
is a high-level interpreted programming language that is one of the core technologies on the world wide web.
JavaScript
171
JavaScript is similar to but fundamentally different from Java, which is a completely object-oriented programming language owned by Oracle
Oracle
172
is a cross-platform scripting language for adding interactive elements to web pages, that is in wide use across the internet.
JavaScript
173
is continuously evolving to meet the functionality and security needs of internet users and is capable of being released under a GNU GPL License.
JavaScript
174
refers to programing that abstracts complex actions and processes so that the end user only deals with basic tasks.
object-oriented
175
is an interpreted language. It was originally developed to perform text manipulation.
Perl
176
is a language that was initially built to create dynamic web pages. It's file is read by a web server such as Apache.
PHP
177
The ________ pulls all the different parts of the file together and sends it to the web browser.
web server
178
main advantages are that it is easy to learn and available on almost any system.
PHP
179
many popular projects are built on PHP. Notable examples include:
- WordPress (for blogging)
- cacti (for monitoring)
- parts of Facebook
180
is another language that was influenced by Perl and Shell, along with many other languages. It makes complex programming tasks relatively easy, and with the inclusion of the it on Rails framework, is a popular choice for building complex web applications.
Ruby
181
is also the language that powers many of the leading automation tools like Chef and Puppet, which make managing a large number of Linux systems much simpler.
Ruby
182
is another scripting language that is in general use. Much like Ruby it makes complex tasks easier and has a framework called Django that makes building web applications very easy.
Python
183
has excellent statistical processing abilities and is a favorite in academia.
Python
184
is just a tool that makes it easier to tell the computer what you want it to do
computer programming language
185
is one such library that lets programmers manipulate images in code.
ImageMagick
186
also ships with some command line tools that enable programmers to process images from a shell and take advantage of the scripting capabilities there.
ImageMagick
187
is a cryptographic library that is used in everything from web servers to the command line. It provides a standard interface for adding cryptography into a Perl script
OpenSSL
188
provides a basic set of functions for reading and writing to files and displays, and is used by applications and other languages alike.
C library
189
are the primary mechanism that websites use to track you. Sometimes this tracking is good, such as to keep track of what is in your shopping cart or to keep you logged in when you return to the site.
Cookies
190
many sites have embedded scripts that come from third parties, such as a ________ or __________.
- banner advertisement
| - Google analytics pixel
191
Tweaking ________ settings can make you more anonymous on the Internet, but it can also cause problems with some sites that depend on third-party cookies. If this happens, you might have to explicitly permit some cookies to be saved.
privacy
192
Browsers also offer a ________ where cookies and tracking pixels are deleted upon exiting the window. This mode can be helpful if you would like to search for something without letting other websites know what you are looking for.
private or incognito mode
193
The most privileged user on any Linux system is ________ ; this account is the primary ________ and is created when the operating system is installed.
* root
| * administrator
194
Good ________ management is essential to security in any computing environment.
password
195
Increasingly users and administrators are turning to ________ programs to store login credentials in encrypted form.
password manager
196
a technique where a password is supplemented by a second “factor,” often a passcode sent to the user's phone or other devices.
two-factor authentication (2FA)
197
Use a password manager like ________ to generate passwords, and then you only need to have a login password to your machine and a password to open up your ________ file.
KeePassX
198
is a device that filters network traffic, and Linux has one built-in.
firewall
199
If you are using Ubuntu, then the ________ is a graphical interface to Ubuntu’s Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW).
Gufw
200
is the built-in firewall system.
iptables
