CLA writing Flashcards
What is a grapheme?
A symbol or letting representing a phoneme
What is a digraph?
2 letters or symbols representing a phoneme
What is tripod grip?
The way a pen or pencil should be held
What are gross motor skills?
The skills associated with larger
movement like walking, jumping etc.
What are fine motor skills?
The skills associated with precise
movement with the fingers like sewing, writing and playing
What is the first of Kroll’s stages?
Preparatory stage: (4-7) Basic motor skills are developed
What is the second of Kroll’s stages?
Consolidation stage: (7-9) Writing begins to express what a child can already do in speech. Reflects patterns of spoken language.
What is the third of Kroll’s stages?
Differentiation stage: (9+) Writing diverges from speech; recognise writing needs to be suited to audience/purpose. Able to explore
different genres.
What is the fourth of Kroll’s stages?
Integration: (14+) Writers have such a good command of language that they can vary their stylistic choices at will and develop a personal ‘voice’. This continues to develop throughout adult life.
What is stage 1?
Pre-Phonetic
- Pre-letter writing.
- Random writing on page -letters, symbols, numbers.
- May use repetition of familiar letters such as the letters in child’s name.
What is stage 2?
Semiphonetic
- Leaves random spaces in writing.
- Uses a few known words in correct place - i.e. names.
- Shows letter-sound correspondence.
What is stage 3?
Phonetic
- Total mapping of letter-sound correspondence.
- Vowels are omitted when not heard.
- Writes quickly.
- Spaces words correctly.
- Letters are assigned strictly on the basis of sound : prt=party.
What is stage 4?
Transitional
- Vowels appear in every syllable.
- Silent “e” pattern becomes fixed.
- Inflectional endings like “s”, “ing” are used.
- Common letter sequences are used (ay, ee, ow).
What is stage 5?
Conventional
- Child understands basic spelling patterns and knows something about word structures, using visual strategies to spell.
- They have a large automatic spelling vocabulary. They also have control over
‘loaded language’ (language that attempts to evoke the emotions)
What is meant by ‘undergeneralisation’ when discussing spelling mistakes?
Standard rules for particular spelling patterns are not followed (e.g. y to ies plurals)