Occupation

Question 1

What do Brown and Levinson say about negative face?

Answer 1

negative face is the want of every competent adult member that their actions are unimpeded by others

Question 2

What do Brown and Levinson say about positive face?

Answer 2

The second need and want is positive face- the want of every member that their wants be positive

Question 3

How is negative face threatened? (Brown and Levinson)

Answer 3

By impositions from others e.g. requests and orders

Question 4

How is positive face threatened? (Brown and Levinson)

Answer 4

By acts like criticism or disagreement

Question 5

What is an example of a positive politeness strategy? (Brown and Levinson)

Answer 5

“I really appreciate all the music you’ve lent me, could I perhaps borrow…’

Question 6

What is an example of a negative politeness strategy? (Brown and Levinson)

Answer 6

“I’m really sorry to ask you again but..”

Question 7

What did Moreal theorise?

Answer 7

That humour was used in the workplace to maintain good working relations and boost morale

Question 8

What did Drew and Heritage find?

Answer 8

Institutional talk differs from ordinary conversation in a number of ways; goal orientation, turn-taking rules, allowable contributions, professional lexis, structure and asymmetry

Question 9

What did Drew and Heritage mean by ‘Goal orientation’?

Answer 9

Participants in workplace conversations usually focus on specific tasks or goals

Question 10

What did Drew and Heritage mean by ‘Turn-taking rules’?

Answer 10

In some professional contexts there are special turn-taking rules in operation (e.g. in court). In others there are unwritten rules e.g. in a doctor-patient consultation, it is the doctor that usually asks the questions

Question 11

What did Drew and Heritage mean by ‘Allowable contributions’?

Answer 11

There may be restrictions on what kinds of contributions are considered ‘allowable’ e.g. what participants might say

Question 12

What did Drew and Heritage mean by ‘Asymmetry’?

Answer 12

Workplace interactions are often asymmetrical, that is often one speaker has more power and special knowledge than the other e.g. boss and employee

Question 13

What does Bernstein theorise?

Answer 13

That imperatives are used in the workplace when power relationships are clear and stable in the organisation

Question 14

What did Holmes and Stubbe theorise?

Answer 14

That power is not a personal attribute but more a part of a role of set behaviours people carry out as part of their jobs. Superiors in organisations ‘do power’ to carry out their role

Question 15

What did Koester theorise?

Answer 15

Employees can support each other in getting tasks done through phatic talk. Phatic tokens are ways of showing status by orienting comments to oneself, to the other, or to the general situation

Question 16

What was Koester’s self oriented phatic token?

Answer 16

They are personal to the speaker e.g ‘I’m not up to this’ or ‘my feet are killing me’

Question 17

What was Koester’s other oriented phatic token?

Answer 17

These are related to the hearer e.g. ‘do you work here?’ or ‘you seem to know what you are doing’

Question 18

What was Koester’s neutral phatic token?

Answer 18

These refer to the context or general state of affairs e.g. ‘cold isn’t it’ or ‘lovely flowers’

Question 19

What did Swales theorise?

Answer 19

Use of occupational lexis indicates people are part of the same discourse community as swales states that members of the same discourse community use lexis specific to that occupation

Question 20

How does Swales define a discourse community?

Answer 20

A discourse community has members who;
- have a set of common goals
- communicate using at least one means (e.g. spoken)
- use specific lexis
- have a required level of knowledge and expertise to participate in the community