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MCB 450 > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 classes of biological molecules

A

proteins
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
lipids

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2
Q

what are proteins

A

they are linear polymers of L-amino acids that are joined by peptide bonds

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3
Q

how are peptide bonds formed

A

they are formed though condensation reactions
- when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O)

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4
Q

what are the functions of protein

A

regulation
signaling
transport
catalysis
movement
structure

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5
Q

what are nucleic acids

A

the information molecules in the cell
- monomers
- phosphate group + sugar + base called a nucleotide
-DNA & RNA are the two main ones

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6
Q

what is DNA

A

double helix made up of 2 strands that are polymers of deoxyribonucleotides

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7
Q

what holds DNA together, what bases connect

A

non-covalent interactions between bases
A –> T
G –> C

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8
Q

What is RNA

A

single- stranded polymer of ribonucleotides contains bases A,G,C and U (replaces T)

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9
Q

nucleic acids are polymer of nucleotides that are joined together by…?

A

phosphodiester bonds (catalyzed by DNA or RNA polymerase)

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10
Q

central dogma of molecular biology

A

information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

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11
Q

DNA –> DNA

A

replication

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12
Q

DNA –> RNA

A

transcription by RNA polymerase

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13
Q

RNA – > Protein

A

Translation

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14
Q

Carbohydrates are..?

A

linear or branched polymers of monosaccharides

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15
Q

4 monosaccharide characteristics

A

1) can be classified according to the number of cartoon atoms
2) Most sugars are in the cyclic form(ring form), not in the open-chain (acrylic form)
3)they are join together to form di, olio, and poly saccharides
-onyl mono and di are sugars
4) There are thousands of different carbohydrates, which can be linked together in chains and form branches via glycosidic bonds (Glycogen or Starch synthase)

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16
Q

what makes up lactose

A

galactose + glucose

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17
Q

what makes up sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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18
Q

maltose

A

glucose + glucose

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19
Q

what are the polysaccarides

A

branched glycogen(from animal)
starch (plant sources)
unbranched cellulose(plant sources

20
Q

some functions of carbohydrates

A

fuel source, glucose stored as glycogen in animals
structural molecules(cellulose)
signaling ( cell-cell recognition)
lubricants

21
Q

what are lipids

A

water-insoluble molecules that are highly soluble in organic solvents

22
Q

fatty acids

A

simplest form of lipid
long hydrocarbon chain +carboxyl group
most commonly used as fuel

23
Q

triglycerols

A

storage form of fatty acids

24
Q

Fats

A

consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
created via 3 condensation reactions creating ester linkages that connect carboxyl groups to the hydroxyl groups in glycerol

25
Q

membran lipids

A

phospholipids

26
Q

glycolipids

A

bound to carbohydrates, membrane components

27
Q

steroids

A

cholesterol is a steroid
-4 fused hydrocarbon rings with a steroid at on end and a hydroxyl group on the other, cell membrane and hormone

28
Q

emphatic nature of lipid

A

hydrophilic head - can dissolve in water
hydrophobic tails - cannot dissolve in water

29
Q

emphatic nature of lipid

A

hydrophilic head - can dissolve in water
hydrophobic tails - cannot dissolve in water

30
Q

6 functions of lipids

A

• Major component of membrane (phospholipids)
• Long term energy storage
• Protection against heat loss (insulation)
• Protection against physical shock
• Protection against water loss
• Chemical messengers (hormones)

31
Q

covalent bonds

A

bonds in which the electrons are shared by the participating amino acids

32
Q

peptide bond
enzyme?

A

each amino acid is attached to another amino acid by a covalent bond

enzyme: peptidyltransferase

33
Q

phosphodiester bond
enzyme?

A

a covalent bond in RNA and DNA that holds na polynucleotide chain together by joining a phosphate group at position 5 in the pentose sugar of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group at position 3 in the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide

enzyme: DNA or RNA polymerase

34
Q

ester bonds
enzyme?

A

triglycerides are lipids inciting of one glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acids molecules. The bonds between the molecules are covalent and are called ester bonds

enzyme: actyltransferase

35
Q

glycosidic bond
enzyme?

A

carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides linked together into polysaccharide chains by a type of covalent bond known as a glycosidic bond

enzyme: glycogen synthase

36
Q

4 main types of non covalent bonds

A

1) hydrogen bonds
2) ionic bonds, or electrostatic interactions
3) van der Waals interactions
4) hydrophobic bonds

37
Q

why is water dipolar and cohesive

A

1) water is dipolar because it has an uneven distribution of electrons between the hydrogen and oxygen

  • oxygen nucleus attracts e- stringer than hydrogen resulting in unequal share and dipoles

2) it forms hydrogen bonds with each other and other polar molecules and acts as a solvent

3) cohesive bc the hydrogen bonds make water very attractive to each other

38
Q

what is a hydrogen bond
-its property?

A

a hydrogen bond is an attractive force between a partially positive charged hydrogen and a partially negative charged atom (oxygen or nitrogen)

-hydrogen bonds between two molecules are disrupted by water when water forms hydrogen bonds with these molecules

-the polarity of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds renders it a solvent for any charged or polar molecule

39
Q

Is water polar or non polar

A

polar solvent (solvent of life): dissolves charged or polar
compounds by replacing solute-solute H-bonds with solute-water H-bonds

40
Q

hydrophilic

A

Compounds that dissolve easily in water are hydrophilic (water soluble).

41
Q

hydrophobic

A

Non-polar molecules such as lipids are hydrophobic; side chains of some amino acids are referred to as “hydrophobic”. (water insoluble)

42
Q

amphipathic

A

molecules have polar or charged regions, as well as non-polar regions.

43
Q

ionic bonds/electrostatic interactions

A

a weak interaction between ions having opposite charges.

water weakens these

44
Q

van der Waals interactions

A

the attraction between two molecules based on the transient electron asymmetry around an atom that induced a complimentary asymmetry in a nearby molecule
- short range, molecules are neither polar nor charged, very weak

45
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

the process in which non polar molecule in aqueous solutions are driven together because of the resulting increase in entropy of water molecules

-powers membrane formation and protein folding

MCB 450 (11 decks)

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