class 11-12

Question 1

data collection process

Answer 1

goal: produce good data
-maintain controls of treatment, measurement methods, & setting
-maintain consistency in data collection process
-gather essential data - demographics & measurements of study variable
-data collection & analysis often overlap

Question 2

biophysiologic measures - in vivo:

Answer 2

performed directly in or on living thing (e.g., bp, pulse, temperature)

Question 3

biophysiologic measures -in vitro:

Answer 3

extracting material for analysis (e.g. biopsy, blood values)

Question 4

biophysiologic measures -anthrometric:

Answer 4

measure body terms of composition (e.g. BMI, % body fat)

Question 5

observations - unstructured

Answer 5

-researcher makes general notes about observed behaviours/phenomena

Question 6

observations - structured

Answer 6

-category systems
-checklists
-rating scales

Question 7

self-reports: interviews

Answer 7

-verbal interaction between researcher & participant
-structured or unstructured
-interviewer records data

Question 8

self-reports: questionnaires

Answer 8

-printed/written/electronic from
-structured
-usually completed by participant

Question 9

interviews (structured)

Answer 9

-developed interview protocol (interview schedule)
-closed and open ended questions
-interviewers trained
-standardized recording procedures

Question 10

interviews (unsturctured/semi-structured):

Answer 10

-limited interview guide - content controlled by partipants
-greater reliance an open ended questions/cues

Question 11

rating scales

Answer 11

rate a variable on a numerical scale

Question 12

likert scales

Answer 12

measure opinions or attitudes on a scale (e.g. strongly agree - strongly disagree)

Question 13

visual analogue scales:

Answer 13

plot response on a 100mm line with descriptors on each end

Question 14

response set bias

Answer 14

-the measurement error resulting from the tendency of some individuals to respond to items in characteristics ways independently of the item content

Question 15

social desirability bias

Answer 15

-when participants have the tendency to misrepresent their opinion in the direction of answers consistent with prevailing social norms

Question 16

extreme response

Answer 16

-when participants select extreme response options (e.g. strongly agree) independent of the item’s content

Question 17

acquiescence response

Answer 17

also known as the agreement bias, is the tendency for participants to agree with research statements, without the action being a true reflection of their own position or the question itself

Question 18

directness of measurement

Answer 18

degree to which object, element, characteristic can be measured objectively

Question 19

direct measurement examples

Answer 19

temperture, weight, o2 saturation

Question 20

indirect measurement examples

Answer 20

e.g. depression, self-care, coping pain

Question 21

measurement error (error variance)

Answer 21

difference between what exists in reality and what is measured by research instrument

Question 22

random error

Answer 22

difference between the obtained measure and the actual true value, no pattern

Question 23

systematic error

Answer 23

-measurement error that occurs consistently in the same direction

Question 24

reliability

Answer 24

how consistently does the measurement technique measure the concept of interest
range: 0-1.00
good: 0.80
acceptable: generally 0.70

Question 25

test-retest reliability (stability or reproducibility)

Answer 25

-degree to which retesting with the same instrument with yield the same result
-assumes the factor being tested remains the same at both testing times (e.g. IQ, Knowledge, weight)

Question 26

interrater reliability (inter-observer reliability or equivalence)

Answer 26

-degree to which measurements remain consistent between observers
-tool used collecting data should be specific enough so that two observers would get the same results

Question 27

internal consistency (homogeneity)

Answer 27

-degree to which all items in an instrument consistently measure the concept
-internal consistency is usually measured with Cronbach’s Alpha

Question 28

measurement validity

Answer 28

degree to which an instrument measures the construct it is meant to measure

Question 29

face validity

Answer 29

-degree to which the instrument looks like it is measuring the target construct
-not strong evidence validity, but may influence subjects’ attitudes towards the data measurement process
-is important when other types of validity have been established

Question 30

content validity

Answer 30

-degree to which the content of an instrument adequately captures the construct being measured
-usually assessed by expert panel
-may measure/reported as content validity index (CVI)

Question 31

criterion validity

Answer 31

-degree to which the scores on a measure are a replication of a “gold standard”

Question 32

concurrent criterion validity

Answer 32

degree of correlation of two measures of the same concept at the same time

Question 33

predictive criterion validity

Answer 33

degree of correlation between the measure of the concept and some future measure of the concept
-usually assessed by expert panel

Question 34

construct validity

Answer 34

degree to which scores represent the construct being measured
-usually involves hypothesis testing (e.g. known-groups validity)

Question 35

nominal level of measurement

Answer 35

-lowest of 4 levels
-attributes are only names
-categories are not more or less but different in some way
-categories mutually exclusive and exhaustive

Question 36

ordinal level of measurement

Answer 36

-order/ranking imposed on categories
-intervals not equal
-number must preserve order

Question 37

interval level of measurement

Answer 37

-equal distances between intervals, this distance has meaning
-absence of a zero point

Question 38

ratio level of measurement

Answer 38

-highest of four levels
-continuum of values - ratio of two values has a meaningful interpretation (e.g. 4cm is 2x as long as 2cm)
-absolute zero point